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HARVARD

COLLEGE LIBRARY

METHOD CASPEY-OTTO-SAUER.

OTTOMAN-TURKISH CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR

A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKISH LANGUAGE.

RY

V. H. HAGOPIAN, M. A.

M)E OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN J,A IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, MEEZEFOUN, TURKEY DTHOB OF ENGLISH -ARMENIAN DICTIOKARY <

LONDON.

D«¥ID «UIT, 57-59 Long Acre.

SAMPSON LOW. IMIISTON ft CO., K

NBW TOBE: BKENTANO'S, 5-3 Union Square.

DVR3EN A PFEIFFER (F, W. Cbrirtem) Ifi Wwt 3SÜ Street. G. E. BTBCHEST

& Co.. iae-138 Weal 2f>±, Street, E. STEIGEr'A CO.. 3B Park Pl»ce.

BOBTON: C. A. E<EHLER k CO., USk. Tremont 9tr«el.

HEIDELBERG.

julius groos. . , n)907..

■' ''■■] ^'- 7

aaa6. Jfcî'

/

HARVARD UNIVERSITY I inp ARY MAY i«1959

^jeÛ9c^ 4jU»*V\ >mİ»1J (^^^^J»»" •^■•-^1 ^J flj^'i V>* ^J^\

fr^ ^ ^y^^ji^ f-yj ' (jjûiı jJjl JijiUt* Jyu. ^Jui-L iljlj I

The Gftgpey-Otto-Saner Method has become my sole property by right of purchase. These books are continually revised. All rights, especially those of adaptation and translation into any langruage, are reserved. Imitations and copies are forbidden by law. Suitable communications always thankfully received.

Heidelberg. Julius Oroos,

I

m

M

Preface.

The Turkish language is of Tartar origin, as the Turks came from Central Asia, and is consequently quite distinct from Arabic and Persian, although it is true that in modern times the Arabic characters have been adopted for all three languages, and that the Turkish language is now half filled with Arabic and Persian words. Yet these words have been incorporated without affecting the nature or framework of the Turkish, which is as different from Arabic and Persian as Anglo- Saxon dialects are from Hebrew or Hungarian. In fact pure Turkish is Turanian, while Arabic is Semitic and Persian Aryan, and the resulting modern Ottoman-Tur- kish is compounded not only of three languages but of representatives of the three great families of lan- guages. The original Turkish tongue, which is called Chaghata (Jagatai), was somewhat barbarous, but extreme- ly forcible and concise when spoken. The adoption of Arabic and Persian words is arbitrary. To master the language it is necessary to have at least an elementary knowledge of the Arabic and Persian languages.

It is an extraordinary and lamentable fact that the language of the Turks has hitherto received little or no attention in England, although it is spoken by mil- lions of people belonging to a vast empire with which we are closely connected by mutual vital interests, and i« more or less used, in official circles, from Tunis in Africa to the walls of China. It is the court language of Persia, and in many provinces of that country, of '^»uth Russia and Afghanistan is s])oken as much

I*

IV Preface ^ji* MouqaddemL i

as Persian. It is difficult to account for the absolute neglect of the study of such an important language, con- sidering that it is used by a people who once influenced half the world, who overturned and established empires, who have possessed the thrones of Persia, Greece, Egypt and Arabia; whose power was once dreaded by Italy, Germany and France, and to whom our proud Queen Elizabeth applied for aid against the Spanish Armada. The Turkish has always been of the greatest consequence to us, owing to the importance of our political and com- mercial relations with the Ottoman Empire, and the complete ignorance of it on the part of our country- men has greatly impeded proper communication and intercourse between the two nations and given rise to most serious misunderstandings and difficulties both in the diplomatic and commercial world. [Dr. Ch. Wells.]

Besides, not a small body of earnest men from the great Anglo-Saxon republic of the Trans-Atlantic continent have long been established in Constantinople and in the provinces of Turkey, labouring to unfold the treasures of modern science, temporal and spiritual, to the people of Turkey; losing no opportunity to place themselves in friendly communication both with the governing Ottoman element and with the numerous races and religious denominations subject to the Im- perial sway.

To meet the need of the representatives of these two great nationalities in Turkey, there arose the ne- cessity for conversation-books, grammars and lexicons. There have appeared a number of Turkish grammars and other books in the English language, but they seem little fitted to acquaint the learner fully with Turkish, chiefly because they are not sufficiently practical in the strict sense of the word, or they are composed only of rules. The appearance of a new Ottoman-Turkish Gram-

A Preface -uJuL. Mouqada^me, V

mar which combines in itself the theoretical and the practical elements of the language, it is expected will be cheerfully welcomed.

The so-called Conversation-method, originated by Drs. Gaspey and Otto, is now applied for the first time by the writer of this present book to the Ottoman-Tur- kish language also. It is his mother tongue and besides for more than 20 years he has practised this method in teaching the language in an important American institution to the natives of Turkey and to English- speaking foreigners. Therefore his own experience enables him to speak with some little authority on this subject. He thinks he has introduced a new element too in the Gaspey-Otto conversation-method, by inserting the word exercises which appear on pp. 121 — 125, 215, 256 etc.

The First Part of this work is devoted to conver- sational language and in it all the peculiarities of the language are given in a very easy and comprehensive way. The study of the First Part being finished it will soon be seen that Turkish is a very regular language, and that it is far more easy than is generally thought.

In the Second Part the elements of the Persian and Arabic languages are treated of as they are used in Ottoman-Turkish, and all the difficullies of both lan- guages are explained, in a concise way. This is the Literary and Official language. There are then added some very valuable matters and a vocabulary.

As to the Exercises and Reading Lessons for translation, most of them are on subjects referring to Turkey and Turkish literature. Many characteristic speci- mens of poetry and prose illustrative of the literature and of the country, especially in modern phraseology, are given, so that the learner will feel himself in Turkey, and will have a glimpse into the geography, the hist- ory and the manners and customs of the country.

VI Preface aajJU MouqqaddSme, j

I recommend as a help to the student the excel- lent Turkish-English Dictionary of Sir J. Redhouse and the valuable Turkish Dictionary of Samy B6y, which latter is the most reliable guide to the student after finishing the First Part of this Grammar. And as a purely Turkish Grammar I recommend that of Mihran Efföndi Apigian (Miliri), to which I am much indebted.

1 am much indebted also to Rev. Dr. W. St Clair- Tisdall, the C. M. S. missionary at Ispahan, Persia, who has carefully revised the MS. and has made valuable suggestions. Himself being a ripe scholar in the lan- guage, these have been of great service to me.

I must also express my sincere thanks to Dr. J. Wright, of Oxford, for the kindness and care with which he has looked over the proofs of this work.

V. H. Hagopian.

Anatolia College, Merzifoun (Marsovan), Turkey.

A List of Books Indispensable to the Student of the Turkish Language.

Redhouse' 8 Turkish-English Lexicon 25/ —

W. W. Peet: Bible House, Constantinople.

Samy B^y's Turkish Dictionary (Qammisou Turhi) .... 8/ —

Mihri's Larger Turkish Grammar {Moutawil Sarf) .... 1/ —

Turkish Reader: 1, 2, 3 parts {Talimi Qra"at) 2/—

Turkish Reader: With N^sikh and Rîqa {RdhbSri Qra'at) . — /8

Turkish Reader: With 6 diflerent characters (Çra"«f JETo/asi) — ,'8

Penmanship Master {Yazî Hojasî) — »4

Blanks for Penmanship (RShbM Sûbian, by Mihri) 1, 2, 3 parts — /2 Library Tefeyyüz, 36 Grand Rue de la Sublime Porte,

Constantinople.

-»€<0^<^^>3<>9*-

vu

Contents.

Introduction. P&^e

Â. Letters of the Alphabet 1

B. Pronunciation of Letters 7

C. Other Orthographic Signs 20

D. Accent 23

E. Euphony or Harmony of the Vowels 24

F. Orthography 25

First Part. Torkish Grammar.

1. Lesson. The Definite and Indefinite Articles .... 27

2. > The Substantive Verb 31

3. » » » » (continued) 35

4. » Declension of Nouns 39

5. » The Pronouns 47

1. Personal Pronouns 47

2. Possessive Pronouns 49

6. » The izafet .... 55

The Family 58

7. » The verb To Have 61

-.8. 3» The Pronouns (continued) 69

3. Adjectival Pronouns 69

4. Demonstrative Pronouns 70

5. Reflexive Pronouns 72

9. » The Adjective 75

Derivative Adjectives 75

» Nouns 77

10. » The Pronouns (continued) 82

6. Interrogative Pronouns 82

7. Indefinite Pronouns 84

11. » Numeral Adjectives 89

1. Cardinal numbers 89

12. » Numeral Adjectives 94

2. Fractional numbers 94

3. Ordinal numbers 95

4. Distributive numerals 96

The Ottoman-Turkish Calendar .... 96

18. » Degrees of Comparison 100

14. » Nouns with Prepositions 105

15. » The Substantive Verb (continued) 109

16. » The Infinitives 114

I Reading Exercise: The Story of the

Cat and the Camel 117

Vni Contents c^-^ ■^*'^^*5*-

Pj

17. Lesson. Primitive and Derivative Verbs

1. Oqoutmaq, 2. Tazdirmaqy î5. Ichir- meky 4. Taranmaq, 5. Yaztlmaqy 6. G6b- rüshmâk 121—

r Reading Exercise: The Divisions of Turkey

18. » Compound Verbs

Potential Verbs . .

Accelerative Verbs

r Reading Exercise; The Provinces . .

19. » The Derivative forms of the Infinitive . . .

The Continuative Tenses

20. » The Finite Verb

The Moods of the Verb and Imperative 142-

•u Reading Exercise: Religions and De- nominations

21. » The Present Tense

0 Reading Exercise : The Use of Animals

22. » The Aorist Tense . . . . ,

•\ Reading Exercise: Voices of Animals

23. » The Past Tenses

The Categorical Past

The Dubitative Past

24. » The Future Tense

V Reading Exercise: A Sermon of Nasr- ^d-din

25. » The Optative Tense

26. » The Suppositive Tense (Subjunctive) ....

A Reading Exercise: A Sermon of Nasr- ^d-din (Continued)

27. » The Necessitative Tense

^ Reading Exercise: The Marriage of the Teacher

28. » The Participles

I. Subjective Mood

Comparison

1 ♦ Reading Exercise : To hang flour on

a line

29. » The Participles (continued)

II. Objective Mood

Comparisons 195-5

1 1 Reading Exercise : Jack's House . . 5

30. » Gerunds Î

The Table of — i

I r Reading Exercise : The Distinction be- tween Man and Beast *

J» Contents vi--^ Fihrist, IX

Page

31. Lesson. I^ouns and Adjectives derived from Verbs . 211

1. The Regular Verbal Adjective . . . 211

2. The Irregular > » ... 212

3. The Noun of Excess 214

4. » » > Location 214

5. Instrumental Nouns 214

tr Reading Exercise: An Anecdote . . 218

32. » Prepositions v. Postpositions 219

t *u Reading Exercise : The Village Room, a. 223

33. » Adverbs 224

t 0 Reading Exercise : The Village Room, h. 229

34. » Conjunctions 230

t •! Reading Exercise : TheVillage Room, c. 236

35. » The Interjections 236

IV Reading Exercise: TheVillage Room, d,

e,f>9 238

36. » Appendices 241

Salutations 242

Congratulations 242

Modes of Address 245

Honorific Titles 247

OnomatopcBİa 251

Ezan 251

The Christian Services 252

Second Part. The Elements of Arabic and Persian.

Introductory Remarks 254

37. Lesson. The Persian Plural 255

I A Reading Exercise: The Match Girl . 256

38. » The Persian izafet 261

Persian Numerals 264

S\ Reading Exercise: Franklin's Prin- ciples, a 266

39. » Persian Compound Adjectives 267

r» Reading Exercise: Franklin's Prin- ciples, b 272

40. » The Persian Derivative Nouns 274

r s Reading Exercise : The Storv of the

Donkey and Fox ...*.... 277

41. » The Persian Verb 280

Objective and Subjective Participles . .281

The verbal Noun 281

Verbal Adjectives 282

The Persian Roots 282

rr Reading Exercise: A Supplication

and Praise 287

X Contents vi^^^ Fihrist. (i

Page

42. Lesson. The Persian Prepositions ........ 288

Substitution; Omission 289

rr Reading Exercise: The Hunter . . 292

48. » The Gender of Arabic Nouns 294

The Number of Arabic Nouns .... 296

Dual; Regular Masculine; Fem. Plural . 296

r«u Reading Exercise: A Poem. . . . 302

44. » The Arabic Nisb^ 303

Abstract Noun 305

fo Reading Exercise: Columbus' Egg, a. 308

45. » The Arabic Infinitive 310

I. The Primitive Triliterals 313

II. The Primitive Quadriliterals . . . 316

fa Reading Exercise: Psalm 84 . . . 317

46. » Nouns derived from Primitive Triliterals . . 318

I. Nouns with Mim 318

II. Noun of Location 319

III. Noun of Instrument 320

rv Reading Exercise: A Psalm of Life 322

47. » Arabic Participles 324

I. Subjective Participle (Fayil) . . 324

n. Objective » {MefouT) . . 325

III. Adjective of Quality {MushebbiU) . 326

IV. Adjective of Colour and Defect . 327 V. Noun of Superiority {Ismi Tafzil). 327

VI. Noun of Excess {Mubalagha) . . 328

fA Reading Exercise: A Litany of Praise 331

48. » The Derivative Triliteral Infinitives .... 332

II. Tefil = Tefqeel 332

III. Mufa'aU = Mufaqali .... 333

IV. Ifal = Ifqal 334

V. Tefa'oul = Tefaqoul 335

r^ Reading Exercise: Friendship . . 338

49. » The Derivative Triliteral Infinitives (continued) 389

VI. Tefa'oul = Tefaqqoul .... 339

VII. Infi'al = Infiqal 340

VIII. Ifti'al = Iftiqal 341

IX. If Hal = Ifqilal 342

X. Istifal = Istifqal 842

r » Reading Exercise : True Nobility . . 345

50. » The Participles of Derivative Infinitives . . 346

ri Reading Exercise: Administrative

Councils 352

51. » Broken or Irregular Plurals 353

rr Reading Exercise : Columbus' Egg, &. 360

I Contents c--^ Fihrist. XI

Page

52. Lesson. The Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns . . 361

rr Reading Exercise: The Inventions . 365

53. » The Arabic Definite Article 366

The Arabic Preposition 371

r«u Reading Exercise: An Anecdote . . 875

54. » Arabic and Persian Pronouns 375

ro Reading Exercise: Regulations etc. . 380

55. » Arabic and Persian Adverbs 382

r*! Reading Exercise: Newton .... 385

56. » Arabic Numerals 387

I. Cardinal numbers 387

U. Ordinal numbers 387

III. Fractional numbers 388

The Diminutive Noun 389

rv Reading Exercise: Home .... 393

57. » Arabic Compound Words 395

I. Arabic svstem 895

II. Persian system 396

fA Reading Exercise : The Overthrow . . .

(poem) 398

58. » I. Synonymous Words 400

n. Symphonious Terminations . . . 402

in. Antonyms 402

r^ Reading Exercise: Terkibi BMi . . 405

59. » The Euphonic Changes of the Letters . . . 407

I. The Assimilation of Letters . . . 407

IL The Modification of Weak Letters . 410

a. Modification of Vav 411

h. Modification of T^ 413

•u^ Reading Exercise: The Ceremony of

the Coronation of the King of England 415

60. » Miscellaneous Idiomatic Phrases 418

Appendices.

The Ottoman Literature .420

Sultans of the House of Osman 423

Arabic Calendar 424

Ottoman Financial Calendar 425

Parsing 426

•uf Reading Exercise: The Prophet's Speech . . . 426

Conjugation of Turkish Verbs 431

The Official Part.

The Imperial Palace 434

His Imperial Majesty the Sultan 434

XII Contents c-^ Fihrist, v— j

Page

The Sublime Porte 435

The Council of Ministers 435

The Grand Viziriate 436

The Council of State 437

The Foreign Office 437

The Ministry of Internal Affairs 437

The Sheikh-ûl Islamate 438

The Ministry of Finance 438

The Imperial Mint 438

The Customs Administration 439

The Ministry of Public Instruction 439

The Ministry of Justice and Public Worship 440

The Prefecture of Police 441

The Ministry of Commerce 442

The Council of International Sanitation 442

The Ministry of Religious Funds 442

The Administration of Posts and Telegraphs 443

The Ministry of War 443

Military Grades 444

Arms 445

The Admiralty; Naval Officers 446

The Imperial Arsenal 447

Different Kinds of Ships 447

The Provinces 449

Diplomatic terms 450

Festivals: Moslem Festivals . . .* 454

Christian Festivals . 455

Jewish Festivals 456

Orders of the Ottoman Empire 456

Medals 456

The Ranks in the Ottoman Empire 457

Civil Grades of Nobility 458

Military and Naval Grades 458

Grades of the Religious Hierarchy 458

Official Titles 459

Of Functionaries of Civil and Military Grades . . . 460

Of Moslem Clergy 461

Of Non-Moslem Clergy 462

Commercial Terms 462

Tocabulary 465

General-Index 489

►>*<^

Introduction.

A. Letters of the Alphabet.

§ 1. The following table shows the shape of the Ottoman -Turkish letters, when they are connected with a preceding or a following letter, or with both, and when isolated :

Names Î

Isolated

Final

Medial

Initial

Proper sounds

Numer- ical values

Remarks

i

1

I

I

1

1

See § 29.

W ;

•

•

•

•

b

2

p6 i

¥

«k

)

P

2

Tur.,Pers.

te

••

••

M

«k

••

t

40

»6

A

A

«k

A

)

s

500

Arabic.

Jim

C

£

9e

•

•

J

3

chim

s.

S

»

ch

3

Tur., Pers.

^^ 1

c

c

9e

*•

•

8

Arabic.

khî

•

c

•

•

9e

• >•

kh

600

dal

d

Jl

Jl

3

d

4

1

zal

•

3

•

Jl

[

1

•

Jl

•

3

z

700

Arabic.

IV

J

1

J '

J

-> ,

r

200

ze

•

1

•

1

•

•

z

7

zhe

A J

1

A

J !

A i

A

zh

7 ;

Persian.

Tarktel

1 Conv.-(

grammar

'

1

Letters of the Alphabet.

Names

Isolated

Final

Medial Initial

Proper sounds

Numer- ical values

Remarks

sin i

lT

lT

««fM

.«•«

S

60

shin

A

sh

300

sad

u*

o*

•«a

^

s

90

dad 1

J>

J*

•

•

d, z

800

Arabic.

tî

i.

L

i»

U

t, d

9

ZÎ

J;

Ji

Ü

t

z

900

Arabic.

1

ayn

L

t

«

P

^

70

» §35.

1 ghayn j

•

•

t

•

•

P

gh

1000

f6

•

•

•

•

f

80

qaf

••

••

. A

•• 5

q

100

Uf

£)

dX

sC

<

k

20

g^f

^

tf:

C

r

g

20

Tur., Pers.

lam

J

J

i

J

1

30

i mim

r

r

«.

^

111

40

noun

i

• (J

•

•

n

50

vav

J

->

->

J

V

6

U

1

0

4.

«t

^

h

5

y6

c5

C5

1 ••

y

10

§ 2. The letters of the Ottoman -Turkish Alphabet are 32 in number, and consist of 28 Arabic letters, together with some which the Persians have added

(^5 ^ ^). The Turks, as most other Oriental nations, read and write from right to left, instead of from left

r Letters of the Alphabet. 3

to right as we do; and a book consequently begins where it would end in English. Capital letters are unknown, and the punctuation marks have been adopted recently. They are the same as in EngUsh.

§ 3. There are four kinds of writing:

I. BXqa^ which is the ordinary current handwriting

used in letters and in all kinds of civil and official

documents.

n. Nesikh^ is the common print of books, news- papers etc.

III. Divanee, is a style of large handwriting used in the Imperial Chancery for engrossing letters-patent.

IV. Taliq, is the Persian model of Arabic characters, it is used by Persians, and also in documents of the Ottoman Canonical court. Examples of these and other forms of rarer occurence are given at the end of this work.

§ 4. There is always more or less difficulty in representing the sounds of one language by those of another. This is true also in the case of the Ottoman- Turkish language. It belongs to a family or group of tongues different from the English, possessing sounds entirely foreign to English ears. To express these sounds, we have made some modifications of some of the English vowels and consonants. It is necessary to master these sounds before going on. They must be pronounced fully; all having only one regular sound. For instance: a has only one sound, and not five or more as in Eng- lish: e has only one, as in pet, though the name itself will cause some blunder, i, o, u also have only one sound each.

There are eight vowel sounds in Turkish.

§ 5. The vast population of Turkey, especially the Christians, do not all use the Ottoman characters in their writing. The Armenians and the Greeks have adapted them to their characters. There are books and papers in Turkish, in Armenian and Greek characters, pubUshed in Constantinople. Most of the Englishmen and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elements of the language, they turn to begin it with the Arabic

1*

4 Letters of the Alphabet. «v

characters, which they find very easy then. The method adapted by us in this work, will remove all these diffi- culties.

Single and Bonble Towels*

§ 6. In reading the names in the above Table and in pronouncing the proper sounds, written in the English characters, the learner must always remember :

ûl 1. Not to pronounce a, as in fate^ mortal or all;

but as in far, art or father. t 2. 6 is always as e in met or send. Take care not

to pronounce it as in mere, verb or cane. ^ 3. i is always ?, as in pm or sJiip ; never as I, or

as in tire/' *■ ^ ^^ l-f- 4. i must be pronounced as o in seldom and e in heaven.

g 5. o must not be pronounced long as in oat, prose;

but very short as in no. oy 6. ou pronounce always as in youth, bouquet, foot;

and not as in pour, couple, about. ^ 7. -w is not as that of pure, turn, 7^e; it has no

equivalent in English, but is the French tu, sur. 0 8. 60 has no equivalent in English, it is in French

feu, coeur; or German ö in Zbllner, vbllig.

Componnd Consonants.

§ 7. Turkish orthography does not employ com- binations of two or three consonants and vowels to represent a single sound; we are under the necessity, however, of making use in this work of some combi- nations to represent Turkish sounds, for which there is no equivalent in English. These combinations are made by the addition of some vowels and consonants to h or y,

kh has the sound of ch, as in the Scotch loch. K gh, as the Greek y» Armenian 7^. / i^h must be pronounced as ^ in ai^ure.

^ § 8. The combinations tch and dj, so often to be seen in the transUteration of Turkish words, are but French notations of the English ch and j in church and joy.

§9-2/ must always be considered a consonant, and never allowed to degrade the sound of any vowel that may precede it; particular care must be taken by

• Letters of the Alphabet. 5

Englishmen in this matter. It is always as in yell^ yoke, huy,

§ 10. y is combined with other vowels to form a diphthong as will be seen in the next Table. ay Ex.: qaymaq; as in lime, high, I.

ey » iy »

deymek; » » chiy ; » »

fate, prey, hey. here, clear.

iy » oy »

ouy » ûy »

eoy »

qiyma ; » » doymaq; » » douymaq; » »

eoylen; » »

boy, toy, going, cooing, doing. Fr. essuyer, Guyot. Fr. deuil.

§ 11. In the transliteration of Ottoman words, h must be emphasized at the beginning, middle and end of words; at the end of the syllables it is generally accented; as: Allah', qah'vc, hekim. This is a most particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Enghshmen; as a pernicious mode of orthography prevails among Englishmen, of intro- ducing h mute very frequently at the beginning or end of words; as in honesty Jehovah etc. (§ 49 V.)

R is used as in English; except that it must never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be pronounced fully and strongly; it is generally accented at the end of syllables. (§ 17.) Take care not to vitiate the pure sound of any vowel that may precede it.

G is always hard; as in give, got, get,

Nnmerals and Nnmeratiou by Letters.

§ 12. The numerical figures, ten in number, have been adapted by the Ottomans from the Arabs. They are the same that we make use of, calling them Arabic, because we took them from the Arabs. Their forms, however, differ considerably from thoses, which our digits have assumed, as the following table shows:

\ r r «v 0 n V A ^ Î !♦ ' r* ' r* Î »♦♦

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; 10, 20, 30; 100

They are compounded in exactly the same way as

our numerals. ı^♦r = 1902.

§ 13. The apparent strangeness of the fact that those numbers seem to be written and read not from

6 Letters of the Alphabet. ^

right to left, but from left to right is due to the circum- stance that, in Arabic, the smaller numbers are read as well as written first. Thus an Arab would read

ı^♦r 'two and nine hundred and a thousand'. This,

however, a Turk does not do. (§ 691.)

§ 14. If the Arabic alphabet is arranged according to numerical values, there appeares the ancient order, which is still used for notation and numeration. In this order, that of the old Phoenician, Hebrew, Syriac, Greek and Latin alphabets : the first nine letters represent the units; the second nine the tens; the third nine the

hundreds and the last one f , one thousand; compare

the Table of the Alphabet. î ^^oi*-- î j;Jû î Aa>- î jj^ • -J^'

%\ki> Î J^ Î zJ^j JEbjed, hev've^, hout'ti, MUmen, safes,

qareshet, saJche^, dazighi. Therefore the numeration by letters, is called Ehjed hisaht.

§ 15. The method of numeration by the letters of the alphabet was a great task; it is fast going, if not entirely gone, out of practice, as puerile; but formerly great significance was attached to any combination of letters that expresses in one or more words an event or

date. Thus ^ 1/ hharah is 600 + 200 + 1 + 2 = 803, the Hejira date when Timurleng laid Damascus in 'ruins';

and lUuU oJJb beldeyi tayyihe is 2 + 30 + 4 + 400 +

9 + To + 2 + 400 = 857, date of the year when the 'Beautiful City', Constantinople, was taken by the Ottomans.

Exercise a.

Write and give the names of the following letters; they are arranged according to their numeral value:

DİTİSİ0I1 of the Letters.

§ 16. The Ottoman alphabet is divided into four classes: vowels; hard, soft, and neuter letters.

V Pronunciation of Letters. 7

Vowel letters: c5 « J '? which are vowels generally, when they are the second letter of the syllable.

Hard letters '• 3 '^ ^^ ^ j^ j^ r'r- Soft letters: ^ <iS^ ^ ^ Zj-

Neuter letters : 0(^J^J^53ji^r^f:^y»w) and (^ J I, when at the beginning of the syllables; as is the case with y and xv in the English language.

B^ Pronanciation of Letters.

§ 17. All the Ottoman letters in the Alphabetical Table

are considered to be consonants, except ^5© j I, which

are often used as vowels, and call for further elucidation. {§ 29 flf.)

We now proceed to the phonetic value of the consonants:

s^ h6 has the value of EngUsh 6, as: jd hed bad, j^lj;

birader brother. But when ending a syllable or word, it sometimes, anomalously, takes the value of p, as:

^^1^ sharap wine, Ijdl iptida beginning. Especially is

this the case with the Gerunds in ^jj—, as: ^jjjlS^

gidip^ s^J\ alıp, (§ 435.)

ej pe is the English p, as: jJb pider father.

Zj tSi^ the German f, as: jtt tatar a Tartar; courier. It is sometimes changed into d in derivation when it

is originally final; as: c^ git go, ^jS" gider \iq goe^.

Also ^yjl (ju3) demir iron, ^ (a)^) depe a hill.

Zj s€ is found in Arabic words only, and is pro- nounced as 8] as: c^t? sahit firm, J\!Ul <?m5a? proverbs.

rji'ni is pronounced as j^ as: 0^ jff''^ soul.

8 Pronunciation of Letters. A

p cJiim- has the value of the English eft, in church; as: a\>- chant the pine, J^U chalî bush. (§ 8.)

^ fta has the harshly aspirated sound of English h, in horse. It is chiefly used in Arabic words; as:

^U haji pilgrim.

T- Jchi has no equivalent in English. It is the

counterpart of the Scotch ch in loch and German Eache. It is generally transliterated kh. But there are a good many words in which it is commonly pronounced as ft,

as: A>-\j^ hoja teacher; 4jU. hane house.

3 dal is German d, as: 3j3 derd,

i i^al is found in Arabic words alone; its value is ;8?, as: ojS ^erre atom.

J /»^ is in all positions a distinctly articulated hngual

r as in rain. There are two important remarks, however, which is necessary for the English student to bear in mind with respect to this, to him, peculiar letter. Firstly, it must always be pronounced and accented (never dropped or slurred over, as in the pronunciation of part, pat) ; and secondly, the value of the vowel before it in the same syllable must never be corrupted (as when it is pronounced pot pat; for far; cur car), but always

kept pure, as with any other consonant; thus jy qor\

ji qîr\ j\j zar \ not qo, qi\ za . (§ 49 V.)

3 t^e is EngUsh », as: ^ gez.

J lûıS is only found in Persian and French words ; it is of the value of the EngUsh s in treasure, and is transliterated »h\ as: o 3^ mûzhde tidings, j^jl azh'dâr dragon, Jtjjj ^/^OMr'wa? journal. It is often pronounced

^ Pronunciation of Letters. &

J, as: jl5CÎ3 J^^er verdigris, oyjjiva quicksilver, ^jIjGI^ jandarma a county policeman.

^ sin is a soft «, always followed by a soft vowel

in all Ottoman words, as: j^^ sebz word,

^ shin is English sh^ as: ^1 tsA work.

js sad is a hard s, it designates a hard vowel,

as: i-U 5a^A right, J^ sol left.

^.j> tîacî is used in Arabic words only. It is gener> ally pronounced as a hard »^ but sometimes as a hard

d\ thus: ^viiblj ra^ee content, ^Ja-^ -s^op^e a gendarme^

^G qadi judge, ^Ul ^ii hhidir elyas St. Elias.

i? ti is pronounced as f , thus : ^j^ ^op ball. But sometimes in Turkish words it is pronounced as d.

^iL (J-b) dagh mountain, aL^jI (bjl) ocZa room.

Ji ;8;l is used in Arabic words only, as a very hard i^y thus: Ilk zcdini cruel.

^ ayw^, p. ghayn, J ga/, fj fc^/. See §§ 33—36.

J^ fe is the English /, in all cases, ü fena.

J îa^n. is the English I, in all cases.

A mim is the Enghsh m, as: JU w^aZ.

vj noiiii is like the English n, as: Ot nan bread. But before he ^j it is pronounced as i/i. Thus ^Jo

Joew/ye light rose colour, J^Js ll-. I istanibul Constantinople (Stambul).

§ 18. Note, The reason why so many s and » sounds occur in Ottoman is that Arabic words intro-

10 The Orthographic Signs. $ •

duced into the language have to be written as in Arabic. In the latter tongue the sounds of ^ ' ^j- ' ^ and again those of Ji ' ^J^ ' 3 ' i ^^e quite distinct from one

another, as are those of t- and ^, of 1 and f-. But these distinctions are not observed by the Ottoman.

C^ The Orthographic Signs.

§ 19. There are five kinds of orthographic signs used in Ottoman -Turkish. The vowel signs, Jezma, Medda, Shedda and Nunation. These are put under or over the letters.

The Towel Signs.

§ 20. There are three kinds of vowel signs : ûstûn^ esre, edtre. These are named hareke 'movements'; but by the Europeans they are commonly called voivel points.

§ 21. These three vowel signs have two values each.

I. With a soft or neuter consonant, üstün has the value of e; and with a hard consonant a.

II. With a soft or neuter consonant, esre has the value of i\ and with a hard consonant I.

ni. With a soft or neuter consonant, ebtre has the value of ie, eo; and with a hard one o, ou,

a) Hard Vowels.

§ 22. Hard vowels are used with hard letters.

I. Ustun is a diagonal stroke drawn from right

to left, placed above the letter thus _^; it indicates

that the hard letter over which it is placed, is to be followed in pronunciation by a, as in English har, star,

^^ ^ L -^ ^ ^ ^ c c

Key, Ha ûstûn ^a, khi ûstûn Ma, ayn ûstûn a, etc. n. This sign — is called es-re, under hard letters ît is pronounced e, as e in heaven.

Key, Ha ^s-r6 hi, khî 6s-r6 Ml, sad 6s-r6 s%, etc.

n The Orthographic Signs. 11

in. This sign J- is ^tre, over the hard letters it

is pronounced o or ou, as in cold^ cotild.

> ^. > * * > > > >

Key. Ha ebtr6 ho, hou, khi ebtr6 kho^ Ihou, dad ebtre do, dou, etc.

b) Soft Vowels.

§ 23. Soft vowels are pronounced with soft or neuter letters.

I, Usfun when put over a soft or neuter letter, is pronounced like S, as in met.

Key. Sin ûstûn se, k^f ûstûn ke, gef ûstûn ^ff , etc.

n. Esre when put under a soft or neuter letter, is pronounced i, as in pit, him.

* * •• • 1 i

Xi?y. Mim 68r6 mi, lam 6sr6 K, z6 6sr6 ^e-i, etc.

III. Eotre when put over a soft or neuter letter, is pronounced û, eo, which have no equivalent in EngUsh. (§ 6, 7. 8.)

JKet/. Dal ebtr6 dn, dS, p6 ebtr6 pii, p^, sliin ebtr6 shu, shS, etc.

Exercise b.

^\\-^\ ^ ^ ^ *'

> ^ . - . >

Tbe Connection of the Letters.

§ 24. The letters of the Ottoman alphabet are divided into two other divisions : connected and unconnected letters.

12 The Orthographic Signs. If

I. The unconnected letters are j j3-> i ^ '» which are

never joined to the following letter, and when they occur the word is broken ; that is, the pen is taken up, and the second part of the word is resumed unconnected. They may be joined only to the letter preceding them,

as thus exhibited ©jbl idare (administration) ' ^-^1^, braqdim (I left).

II. The connected or joinable letters are those which may be joined to the letters which follow or precede them; the remaining letters are connected letters; as:

J.,aiu munfasıl (unconnected).

Exercise c.

0

J3

• •

•

iJS

rL',

J3

•

>

>

>

J3

>

• •

>

>

•

4.

Key. Dal kâf ûstûn dek, dal k^f 6sr6 eZi%, dal k6f ^tr6 duk, dedlc,

§ 25. in dealing with the letters of the Ottoman alphabet on the preceding pages, we have shown only the shapes they take when standing alone; when they are combined with other letters, they are sometimes slightly modified, according as they stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the word. These various changes will be seen from the Table of the Alphabet (P. 1 and 2).

§ 26. There is also a compound character in use, which is always to be found inserted in alphabets, and which, for that reason, cannot be passed over in silence.

It is the character V, called lam elif, being, in fact,

nothing more than J lam joined calligraphically to a

following I elif, in a similar manner to that whereby

the English printers continue to join the f and ? in fl, or f and i in fi, etc. When this double character is

ir The Orthographic Signs. 13

connected with a preceding letter, it has the shape of

% as: % bela (evil).

Exercise d.

^^ 1 ii ii cj' ^ ^ ^ >■ ^ L-itii: ii ii- Ji »

Xİ5y. ye initial; noun initial, it final; te initial, Ihî medial; noun initial, ie Mî medial; noun initial, ye, /e, 7am, he, se, ye, 72omw, ^e medial, elif final.

Exercise (Connected Monosyllables) e.

* rt V IL^ T V ^^ • J^ 0 o) • ^^ Cj ^) ' jj (j^ 1))

iCey. B6 shin ûstûn besh] p6 r6 ûstûn ^;er; te lam ebtr6 tul, etc.

Towel Letters.

§ 27. Besides the vowel signs, sometimes the vowel

letters <5 o j 1 are used, to indicate vowel sounds.

I. JElif indicates the hard voted üstün, provided that it is the second letter of the syllable. Instead of

Ji Jp r- is written lU ll^ U ; here eh'f is substituted for ûstûn.

n. Ye, sometimes when it is the second letter of

the syllable, indicates the vowel 6sr6. Instead of ^ J ^

is written «>. J, ^^i ; here ye is substituted for esre. ni. Vav, generally when it is the second letter

of the syllable, indicates the eotre. Instead oi j9 ^ ^

is written ^^ ^ y^\ here vav is substituted for ^tre.

IV. He, when it is the second letter of the syllable, generally indicates the ûstûn, either hard or soft. Instead

of ej J ^ is written ^ oj o3 ; here he is substituted for ûstûn (pe, re,^ de).

14 The Orthographic Signs. |«u

§ 28. Note. The Arabic and Persian long vowels

are represented by the Letters of Prolongation <5 j I. These

letters correspond respectively with the vowel points: ustun, esr^, ebtr6 (§§ 29—31). But there are no letters of prolongation in purely Turkish words; the use of these letters iş hmited only to indicating the vowel signs, as has been said above. Therefore they are called in Turkish orthographic letters also, as they serve only for the correction of the orthography.

Exercise f*

Read and write the following exercises:

jlJr^V -jP^^lp •^(^AİÖ -J^c^^ö^

Key. Be 6Hf ûstûn ha, b^ h6 ûstûn he, b6 yâ 6sr6 hi, b6 vav ebtr6 hou, ho etc.

' j^s = ji '■ Jjî = J'J^ = Ji' Js = J n.

J-» Jl) • K^y ^J ^if • jj-y — ^ ^ — ^^

rjx (^x rx ' ^^^ rr r^ * ^-^.

^cy. Qaf lam ûstûn qal, which is equivalent to qaf 6Iif lam ûstûn qal; qaf lam 6sr6 qil, or with a vowel letter qaf yâ lam âsrâ qil etc.

• jL« Jj> • ^j>- jj>- • Jy J^,^ Short sentences. III.

£^2/. Sad vav lam ebtre sol, qaf vav lam ^tr6 qol, sol qol etc.

•^ * MM M y* y.

JEi?«/. Chim 6Uf ûstûn cAa, qaf yâ âsrâ g-l, c/ia-gi etc.

( ••<• l<«**l(, l( \ ((MMfMI^.MM -TT

t • Pronunciation of Letters. 15

Key. T6 vav ^tr6 tu, t6 vav noun ^tr6 tufiy til 'tun etc.

B*. Pronunciation of Letters (continued).

§ 29. I JEUf. There are four kinds of elif in Ottoman:

a) The initial or Mmze elif., which is a consonant, not a vowel. Like any of the initial consonants, it

takes the three vowel points and letters; as: ZJ^ et meat,

C^»\ it dog, Cjj\ ot grass (§ 38).

Note. Initial elif is not generally indicated in transcription, it being understood that whenever an Ottoman word begins with a vowel, in the original it begins with elif.

b) Orthographic or vowel elify which stands to show only the hard ûstûn vowel: it is used exclusively for

Turkish and foreign words; as: Jl 6aZ honey, ^J\i

paris Paris, l>jjjl avropa Europe.

V

c) Shortened elif which is written generally in the shape of ^^ ye, but pronounced short; it is used only in Arabic words; as: Vy* or ^^_^A mevla God, L^c or

ee-sa Jesus.

d) Elongated elif which is found only in Arabic and Persian words; it lengthens the hard ûstûn vowel; as:

p. Ill» pasha, a. *y^\ a meen, p. ^U a bad.

§ 30. J Vav» There are four kinds of vav in Ottoman:

a) Consonantal vav., it has the phonetic value of i^; as:

y ev house, cJ»3 vaqit time, J\ alev flame.

b) Orthographic or vowel vav, which stands for the vowel eotre] it is used only in Turkish and foreign

words; as: Jj) yol way, ojJujI londra London.

c) Elongated vav, which lenghtens the vowel Stre^

16 Pronunciation of Letters. f '\

and is found only in Arabic and Persian words; as: p. w— j^ dost friend, a. ^^ memnoon glad.

d) Silent vav^ which is found only in some Persian words, between the letters ^ JcM and 1 eh'f^ and is not

pronounced; as: ^j^ Maje teacher, ©jcilji. hhanende singer.

§ 31. ij Ye has three sounds:

a) Consonantal ye, which has the value of the con- sonant y, whether it be initial, medial or final, simple

or reduplicated ; as : Jj yel wind, ju- seyr looking, ^ mey wine.

b) Orthographic or voicel ye, which stands to show only the vowel esre, it is used only in Turkish and

foreign words; as: ^JLİ qish winter, v>L3 Dublin.

c) Elongated ye, which is used only in Arabic and

Persian words and lengthens the esre; as: p. > peer old man, a. J^lj valee governor.

§ 32. A> Se has three sounds:

a) Consonantal he, which is a guttural and aspirated

as the h in horse; as: p. jU hüner skill, ojj qahve coffee.

b) Orthographic or vowel he, which stands for

ûstûn; as: ^^1 asma vine, p. oJlIj hende slave.

The vowel he, when in the middle or at the end of words, is never joined to the next letter in writing;

as: ^^C>-44r gelejeyim, ^a.,.^1 asmaya.

c) Substitutive he, which is changed from Cj te, and is found only at the end of iVrabic words; as: ^jISC^ hîkyaîye for il5C>. hihjaiyet story.

§ 33. J qaf^ f] kef. The Ottoman alphabet •distinguishes sharply between the hard letter qaf and

Q I

^ j 1Y Pronunciation of Letters. 17

ft

f

''■ ! the soft letter Icef, The transliteration of this present work , in accordance with the judgment of the ripest scholars,

represents the J by ^ and fj with k. The common

people pronounce the qaf as ghayn at the beginning and the middle of words, and as Tdil at the end. The Uf also at the end of words is pronounced hh by the

common people. Ex. : J\9'^qochaq com. ghochakh (brave), jG qan com. ghan (blood), * > lî qayish com. gJiayish (thong),

ö>6jS^ gidejek com. gedejekh (he will go).

§ 34. il hef is appropriate only to soft syllables

or words ; it is so pronounced as to represent in Turkish four diflFerent sounds; to distinguish these four sounds the letter may be slightly modified in form. But in

• general, in Ottoman, the fj alone is used to express

all four soimids, and the student can learn how to pro- nounce it only by practice.

I. The first of these four forms is called kef or iaif (kefi Arabi, Arabic k6f, by the grammarians); it is

pronounced as fc. Ex. : j} Iceor blind, ^llS^ Jcitab book,

dfjcul ashes.

n. The second is called gef or giaf (kefi Farisi, Persian k6f, by the grammarians), and it is pronounced as hard gr; it is sometimes distinguished by a modi- fication in shape, thus ^. Ex. : j^ geor see, of^ gedl lake, ^ gel come.

Note. When fJ represents the sound either of fc or of

9 hard, and is followed by an elif, it takes before the vowel a short and incipient sound of /, which we have

united thus m. Ex. : opIs^ kiaghid paper, J^lS^ ktamil per- f^t, o^\ a-giah aware: not ka-ghîd, ka-mil, a-gah; be- cause f] being a soft letter cannot go with a hard vowel a (§§ 22, 37).

îoriüsh Cony.-Grammar. 2

18 Pronunciation of Letters. 9 A

III. The third is called saghîr Jcef, or nef (surd k6f), and is pronounced as ng in the words ring, sing etc.; it is a nasal n, and is represented by n. It is some-

times written £) ^ with three dots over it. It is never

to be. found elsewhere than at the middle of Turkish words; and consequently never can be initial. Ex.:

j^ denig sea, J.5C31 yalinU alone, IXl^ senin your.

IV. The fourth is called yaf, and is pronounced like the English y consonant; it is found only in Turkish

words. Ex.: J> 3 deyil it is not, ^f\eyri crooked»

dl bey prince.

Exercise g.

Z*(p«/. Qaf 61if vav ûstûn qav, g6f 61if vav ûstûn g'lav; aqmaq, ekmek, eymek, anmaq; qol, gSl; qar, ktar etc.

§ 35. p- ^ayn. The ayn has no equivalent in

European languages ; it characterizes only Arabic words. Its phonetic value in Arabic and in the mouth of an Arab, is a harsh guttural catch or hiatus. As pronounced by a Turkish scholar the letter is either entirely silent or only the slightest hiatus is perceptible. The common people pronounce it like an elif, and there is no harm in pronouncing so. In this work sometimes» when necessary, the vowel sound is accompanied by

the sign ^ , and it is generally marked by an apostrophe.

A^MA ma-lum or ma-^-a-lûm, iW 'a-lem or a-^-a-Um,

§ 36. 9- ghayn is represented by gh\ as IpI a-ghd

1^ |^ Pronunciation of Letters. 19

or com. a-a sir, i\ hagh vineyard, o^^^j' oghlan com.

^ olan, ou'lan boy. After a vowel vav j, with the sounds o, ou, i- has very much the sound of iv; like the gh of throughout. Thus J^U^jl ov-laq or ogh-laq kid; *p^

got'tt not lî'ö^Aa (a pail); J^i^ sovouq not soghouq cold;

jZ-y qovmaq to expel; J^V<c^jl ovdamaq to rub.

§ 37. J^^o^e. In the transliteration of the foreign proper names or nouns, the hard gr, when followed by

a hard vowel, is represented by i- and not by f . Ex. : Hugo jpyb hou-gho, Gladstone J^L^^^^ ghladtston, guar- dian ol»^j^ ghardiyatij gazetta <r^ ghazeta newspaper,

gas 3l^ ^^a-s".

§ 38. * Semze. The ^^^/i/'at the beginning of words is a consonant (§ 29), which is called hem^e or hemze elif^ because naturally there is a sign of hemze over the

elif, which is not generally written. Jjl ol is originally

Jji, j\ e-ser is ^i, Jl is Jl, z^i\ is c^A .

§ 39. The combination of hemze elif with a vowel elif (I I) is expressed by tnedda, which is the vowel ^lif put over the consonant hemze elif (§§ 29 d, 47) \= T; as: Jill = jll almaq, CJ^ et, CJ\ = CJ^ or Ol •

§ 40, But when hemze is found in the middle of

words, if it ends the syllable, it is like an accent or

» *.

a hiatus. Ex.: >t te-e-sir influence, jj^U me-e-moiir officer.

§ 41. At the beginning of syllables it is pro- nounced as y consonant; as: J* S qayil, j\^ dayir. '^ Note, The pronunciation of hemze and the changes

20 Other Orthographic Signs. f*

it undergoes, are in accordance with the rules of Arabic Grammar.

C*. Other Orthographic Signs, a) Jezma ^J>-

§ 42. The letters in a syllable are either vo welled or quiescent; the first letter of any syllable is naturally vowelled, the others quiescent. The voweUed letters are accompanied by a vowel sign, but those which are qui- escent, are marked with the sign (•), called J6zma. Ex. :

dlli} ¥sh-l%: the letters ^ b and J Z are vo welled,

as they are the first letters of the two syllables; ^J- sh

and f] Jc are quiescent; therefore marked with Jezma.

s ^ a

J J ¥r"¥r (barber): the two ,^ bes are vowelled and both of the j res quiescent and therefore marked. ^S^% m^k-t^b (school) a mim and Cj te are vowelled,

i) kef and ^ be quiescent.

§ 43. The vowel letters cannot have the mark of quiescence, as they are substituted for the vowel signs,

and indicate their kind; as jll bH'^q (fish), where elif stands for ustim, and does not need the sign.

Exercise h.

Read and write the following exercises:

> o >

iTe?/. Sin ^lif ûstûn sa, ayn t6 ûstûn af, .ça-a^; Lam 61if ûstûn la, y6 qaf 6sre «//g, la-yiq] Tî elif ûstûn fa, vav qaf ebtr^ vouq, ta-voııq: ye and vav are consonants, because they begins the syllable.

f) Other Orthographic Signs. 21

• ^

cTjt^ V>^ -^->r^

Key. Elif khî ûstûn a/t^, shin ^lif mim ûstûn sham ^kh'Sh^m; *s4'^m, ^q-r^r, ^q-hH, h-b% 's-r% ^n-s^'n; i^h-dH, t^sh-r^f etc.

Key, K6f 6sr6 Jci, t6 61if be ûstûn tab, ki-tab; k6f 6sre A^, t6 61if ûstûn ^a, W-^a, b6 y^ ^sre 61, li-ta-bi] kitaba etc.

Key. Shin r6 ûstûn sA(?r, b6 t6 ûstûn 6e^, sher-bei, jim y6 6sr6 J^', sher-bet-ji; ki-ta-bi-nin, ki-tab-ji-da etc.

§ 44. In most cases, indeed, the vowel points are not inserted, except in quotations from the Qoran, or in writing a foreign word or name, and in some poetical works. This at first causes a little embarrassment to the learner; he must accustom himself to pronounce the word as if such vowels did not exist, until he can supply them by a knowledge of the word. The diffi- culty will vanish by dint of a little practice.

b) Shedda J^.a^^

§ 45. A consonant which is to be doubled without the interposition of a vowel, is written only once, but

marked with the sign jl.^ which is called sMd'da or

tesh'deed (strengthening). This reduplication is not a mere matter of orthography as it is in the English language; when a letter is doubled in writing, it must be doubled in pronunciation, as is done in English with the letters d, I, n in the words mid-day, mad dog, fuU lips, thin nose.

22 Other Orthographic Signs. rt

§ 46. The sign shedda belongs only to Arabic (700), in Turkish words the letter is simply written

twice, as: j^iUl^ saV-la-maq not as j^Vl-^. Ex.:

J1j^jl>j is changed into the form J1jJl>: hid'det (anger),

ciLt = jJL* mil'lct nation.

Exercise i.

Write and read the following exercise:

'^p'iiJJ ' iL' '^l: 'ct* 'iJv's v^'

£>«/• Ji^^ ^^ ûstûn j(^r, r6 61if ha ûstûn rah\ jer-rah' etc.

c) Medda 'lu

§ 47. This sign is called m^d'da -=l^ which means

long; it is put over elif to show that it must be pro- nounced with hard ûstûn a, and not as e, i, o. In Arabic and Persian words it serves to lengthen the

elif (§§ 39, 603, 701 d); as: t. 3I ez (crush), but jT az is few\ Zj^ et (meat), Zj\ at (horse), a. 4jul emeen

(faithful), a. (jul a meen (amen).

Read and write the following exercises:

^ ^ ^

t>\ eh well! Jl el hand ^J-l esh companion

o I all alas J I aZ take ^\ ash food

J I ev house ^1 ey hallo! fjl f?Z; sow

J I av hunting ^1 ay mouth J I ag white

aİTî .jJT î a. ^^T Î p. 3IT Î a. j,)T Î p. J::T Key, Elif h6 ûstûn (?A, 61if h6 medda ûstûn aA etc.

d) Nnnation ^ ^Ij § 48. The marks of vowels when doubled, are pronounced with the addition of the sound n, -1- ew,

r rr Accent. 23

^ — in^ — ün. This is called tm-veen i. e. 'giving the

sound of noun ; it occurs only at the end of an Arabic word. The vowels thus doubled are spoken of as iki ûstûn, iki esre,, iki ebtre respectively (§§ 670, 681). Ex.:

^ * * * ,

Zj t6 ûstûn te: Zj OT l OT i tû iki ûstûn ten.

^ dal ûstûn de: ^ dal iki ûstûn den. J^ fğ ebtr6 fû\ J^ fâ iki ebtr^ fûn.

Lit ' Uj» * UJL) ' Jii>. * G^ ' ^Ua^ ' Ub 3 ' UIÜ

ügy. Noun esre m, zî elif ûstûn ^«, «V-^a, mim elif iki ûstûn mew, ni-za-men ete.

D. Accent.

§ 49. It is difficult and wearisome to give absolute rules and their exceptions in regard to the accent in Ottoman Turkish, as it varies much. Some general rules are given in the following lines, while in all cases which cannot be included under these rules, the accent will be indicated.

I. Usually every Turkish word is accented on the

last syllable; as: jl ev house, stX^ k^-pek\ J^M&I agh- la-maq.

II. Words with double consonants have the accent

on the first consonant; as: j^MIl,^ saV -la-maq to shake,

a. J»\j^ sar -raf banker, y^ is-siz lonely, ^oS te- qad'-dtim progress.

Note, The shedda in Arabic words serves as an accent (§ 45).

' ni. In Persian and Arabic, the vowel letters or the Letters of Prolongation are pronounced long and are

accented (§ 28); a. JaU ja -Ml ignorant, a. ^^ ke-

reem merciful, p. t^\ a -tesh fire, a. ^-^j-^ khou-soos a point, respect.

24 Euphony or Harmony of the Vowels. f*^

IV. In case of emphasis among words the accent is on that word which receives prominence. Ex.: 1. Shi dun mii geldin? Was it yesterday that you came? 2. Dun sen mi geldin? Was it you that came yesterday? 3. Sen dun geldin mi? Did von come yesterday? (§ 66).

V. The letters /i, r, when they are in the middle and at the end of words, are accented; as ji\ aA%r\ ^ili aVlah\ ©^ qalive cofiTee (pp. 5, 8).

E. Euphony or Harmony of the Towels.

§ 50. A y^vy remarkable pecuharity of Ottoman is the attention paid to euphony in pronunciation, and the changes of the sounds of vowels and consonants which take place in consequence. Thus the coUision of hard and soft letters in the same word is always avoided. And when one declines a word or adds a particle or letter to it, whatever be the leading letter the others must be pronounced so as to agree vnXh it (§ 87).

§ 51. There are two simple rules of euphony in the language for the words of purely Turkish origin:

a) If the first syllable of the word contains a hard vowel, all the vowels in that word should be hard*

^jJjl ol'dou it became, ^1 (d-ti six, ^iJ^aII a-la-ja- ghl-mi-zi our credit; not oZ-rf/, al-ti, a-U-je-glıi-mi-si etc.

b) K the first vowel be soft, then the others should

be soft also. ^53^- s^-m the word, ^^j^ gedr-du he

saw, ^1 el'ler hands, y^>.e>yu^^ g^s-te-re-je-yi-miz; not

so-^i, el-lar etc.

§ 52. Bemark: 1. On the above principles, whea one declines a word or adds a particle to it, the vowel of the syllable added is generally so pronounced that:

Î comes after a: -ulL ' ^iL * aIL dam, damî, dama;

i » » e: aII'JI' Jl el, eli, e-le;

ou » » o : 4Jy ' J,y * Jy qol, qolou, qola ;

r • Orthography. 25

Û comes after ed: jjjy iX^ geölû, geörûr;

a » :» o,ou: 4Jy ' -Jj^ choiUa, qola;

€ » » w, ^; ^y i)j} giUen, georen,

2. On the same requirements of euphony, in words

of Turkish origin which end in f], J, Zj these letters are changed into y, gh, d (§§ 88, 89).

§ 53, When a word ending in a vowel receives a grammatical ending beginning with a vowel, a hiatus results, which is practically a dıflâculty in pronunciation. This is very common in Ottoman. To avoid this diffi- culty it is necessary to insert a consonant iS V (see §§ 91, 284, 287, 528, 543 etc.):

tl ana: ^ul'l anaya^ p. Ijl ara: l)b' arayish. § 54*. As a Ust of words supposed to be exceptions by

some grammarians, we note HI elma, which was originally alma 'apple', and is still so pronounced in many places;

while o^ qah'-ve coffee, jMo pi-lav, Jy,^Jcim-yony

OmJ li-mon (lemon) are not Turkish.

§ 54^. As real exceptions to these rules are the

ending of the Present tense jj>~", which is always

pronounced — gor, and the pronominal particle ^ — Z;e> which is never changed (§§ 140, 319).

F. Orthography.

§ 55. As the orthography of every Arabic and Persian Ottoman word is fixed and unchangeable, it is only in pure Turkish and foreign Ottoman words that the orthography varies. The Vowel or Orthographic

letters (I , j , o » ^) as they are called in Ottoman without any inflexible rule are added or left out arbitrarily ; as :

oyy, and oP butun] ^jjuU ^S-uLî (^xJS qilindi, are all admissible.

26 Orthography. f^

§ 56. The true nile is: 1. Never introduce a vowel letter into a Turkish or foreign Ottoman word without removing a possible doubt as to pronunciation; 2. Never leave out a vowel in such a word, if bv omission a doubt is created as to the pronunciation.

§ 57. The following two points must be regarded as exceptions to this rule:

a) In any syllable which is composed of two consonants, if the vowel is soft iistthi, none of the orthographic (vowel) letters is added; but if it is

composed of one letter » he is added to indicate the

vowel; as: ^jio gel-di, ^ bes/i, dl«4l^>i is-^-mek.

b) None of the grammatical affixes take the ortho- graphic or vowel letters; as ^jS^ gcl-dim, ^l bash-lar,

Note. Tlie use of the orthographic or vowel letters is fully discussed and shown on pages 13 — 16.

§ 58. There are some words in Ottoman, the or- thography of which is the same, but the pronunciation and meanings are different; as:

oj* on ten; oiin flour; thi fame.

1 shekfr sugar; a. shûkûr thanks. 3^^ g^2 eye; gtiz autumn; kedz an ember. J.>. choul sackcloth; ch^l desert, wilderness.

Jy qoul sen^ant; qoJ arm; a. qavl word.

^t <^ gevrek biscuit; ktirk fur; kurek shovel; kedmk -^^y bellows.

J> gel come; kıl scald-head; p. gûl rose; a. kull all, jljl &IÛ dead; oidou big.

rv 27

First Part.

Turkish Grammar.

^ u^^ Lesson 1.

The Definite and Indefinite Articles.

§ 59- There is no Definite Article in Turkish ; all nouns, when used alone in a sentence, are usually

considered as definite. Ex.: U haha the father, t i ana

the mother, J^by qardash the brother.

§ 60. The Indefinite Article is j bir a, an. Ex.: Ûİ X ^^ öt^ a horse, dl ^j bir Tcedpek a dog, ji j^ bir qîz a girl, /»^l j; bir adem a man.

§ 61. The Adjective always precedes the noun. Ex. :

ü)f^ güzel beautiful, ^»1 ' ^1 eyi good, y^ JcStii bad,

güzel qiz the beautiful girl, e-yi adem the good man, hir kedtu chojouq a bad boy.

§ 62. As in English, there is no unnatural dis- tinction of Gender in Turkish, that is to say: the names of males are masculine; those of females feminine, and those of inanimate objects, neuter. Thus: baba is mas- culine, ana feminine, ji qiz feminine, O^^j' ogh-lan 'the

boy' masculine. j5^ de-niz the sea^ ^, j^ she-Mr the city, ^f kedy 'the village', are neuter.

§ 63.' The Personal Pronouns are: J»^ ben I, ^

«m thou, ji 0 he, she, it. } biz we, •-* siz you, ^jl onlar they.

28 \ u^j^ Lesson 1. rx

§ 64. The Demonstrative Pronouns are: y bou this» j!L sJiou that (near by), jl o that (distant).

§ 65. The Present Tense of the Turkish Substantive Verb is the following:

Affirmative Present ^\ i>^ 5en' im I am J^\ y^ hiz iz we are

i>- ^ sen' sin thou art j>^ J- siz' siniz you are

j^ j\ o' dour he is. Jj^ ^j\ onlar dirlar they Sire.

Interrogative Affirmative Present.

^ ri^ L^ Oi ^^ '^ ff Ck ^^ ^^ yim? (§ 53). ?û^- j_^ ^^- » ?v>«w» ^y^ sen' mi sin?

?j>- ^- J- » ?j^-^ ^ stV wt sifiiz?

?Jj-> c" J^-^^ * ?Jj-^^ji onZar' wii dirlar? Am I? art thou? is he? etc.

§ 66. As will be seen, the question is expressed

by adding ^ mi, mou after the word emphasized by the question (§ 49 IV). Ex.:

?^ Oî ^^'»' ^* 2/*»»-^ Am I? (§ 53). ?jju* ^/?Li J> flfwZ beyaz' mî dır? Is the rose white? ? jju* J$^^. ji ÖOM 6ir flfwZ' mü dur? Is this a rose? ?jA-* ^ Jf gul hou m,ou dour? Is this the rose?

§ 67. The third person j3 is the Copula; its

pronunciation, like that of mi ^, is governed by the

preceding vowel, and is: dir, dir, dour, dtir^ as the case may be (§ 52).

AliJ LoughitUr, Words.

J vS and jl ^v the house

ojl ct?'-v/^ yes JJ^j\ ^-Icûz the ox

r^

The Definite and Indefinite Articles.

29

J^^ qoush the bird J\ aq white

a. pJb qaUm the pen »^ qara black

a. \jA hava air, weather <^J*^ girwrn red

v^b^ Jo gî<2r qardash a sister a. ^niJ /"agtr poor

^jlji h^-yuk great (>^j zingin rich

i)^^^ M-c^iufc little Ts-^ genj young

Ç-U» ( M^ ) da^r^i mountain (j^^=?^ stjag warm, hot

jOji Oi^^rag far t3j*^ so-vouq cold (§ 36)

vjoLi ^agin near p. «j^ d^r^ valley.

Note 1. These words, as well as those contained in the preceding rules, must be thoroughly committed to memory, before doing the exercise and translation.

Note 2. Those words without any mark are Turkish in origin, those with an a Arabic, those with a p Persian, and those with an f foreign in origin.

N xJlftb Taleenif Exercise 1.

Black) jS^ojî ♦ ^(Montenegro) i-lU o^î . (eagle) J^y «>^ > ©

•f-ll? jT* (vulture) II jT» (Mediterranean) jS^ jT» (Sea * Observe that a parenthesis (. . .) encloses a word to be

30

\ LrJ-> LesBon 1.

Y Ajt-j TSri^mi, Translation 2.

1. The horse. A horse. A good horse. The good horse. A horse and an ox. 2. A house. A large house- The large house. The house is large. 3. A man. Tho man. A white man. The white man. 4. The Black Sea. The Black Mountain. The White Sea. The White? Mountain. 5. A white rose. The white rose. The red rose. 6. A bad boy. This is a bad boy. This is the bad boy. 7. The house is near. The city is far. 8. A horse, a bird and an ox. The good horse and the big ox. 9. This bird is white. Is this bird white? It is black. 10. The brother is youug. He is a good man. 11. The eagle is a large bird. That bird is Sb beautiful eagle. 12. The Mediterranean is a great sea.

Correct the following sentences.

. ^ 1

4İ|^ Mûkialâmâ, Gonyersation.

Jl^ Sival, Question

S6n z^ngin'mi sin? Qardash faqir'mi dir? Ogh'-lan 6-yi'mi dir? S^n ^-yi'mi sin, k^tû'mû sun? Qiz qardash 6-yi'mi? Bou dagh yûks^k'mi? Onlar g^nj'mi dir? Siz faqir'mi sifiiz? Aq-D^niz b^yûk mû? Aq baba b^yûk bir qoush'mou dour?

^ij>. Jevah, Answer

Ev'v6t, z6ngin'im.

Ev'v^t, faqir'dir.

Ev'v^t, oghlan ^-yi'dir.

B^n iyiyim (§ 53).

E v' v^t, qiz qardash 6yi'bir qîz dîr.

Ev'v^t, yûks^k'dir.

Ev'v^t, g^nj'dirl^r.

Biz z6ngin'iz.

Qara-D6nİ7/ kûchûk dûr.

Ev'v^t, b^yûk bir qoush'dour.

translated^ or an annotation, whereas brackets [. . .] signify "leave out".

^ In such answers the predicate cannot be omitted. It must be evv4t, sijaq dîr.

n The Substantive Verb. 31

^ u^^ Lesson 2.

The Substantive Verb.

§ 68. The Turkish Plural is formed by adding

the affix J to the singular. This affix is pronounced hr, after hard vowels, and Ur after soft ones. Ex.: »iLT^ diynek stick: Ji>:5^ dSyneklSr sticks.

6^ kedi cat: J^jS^ kedili cats.

6jj^k^pru bridge: J^t^^^jT^ kebprulSr bridges.

jJ qapou door: J^J qapoular doors.

p-rfi. A:/iî-8tı» relative: J*.'»^^- khî-sîmlar relatives.

§ 69. Titles of respect are given to persons

according to their dignity, office and occupation. ^xi\ ^ffendi Sir, Mr., is peculiar to clergymen and educated

people. Ul a-gha or vulg. a-a, to tradesmen, labourers

and old men; it means Mr., Esq. di bey^ prince, is

given to civil functionaries and popularly to any per- son of supposed distinction. Each of these titles is put after the name of the person himself, not after his

family name, as in English (§ 495). Ex.: ^X3\ juj>.U Itl JL^I , ii, j^^j>.| All med eff endi, AKmedaghuyAKmedhey^

§ 70. When the subject is a pronoun it is often omitted (§ 120).^ Ex.: ^\y\ ^^ hen eyi'yim or ^-l jjI cyi'yim

I am well; J5CL JJS j^ siz tmbeV siniz or j5CL Jut> tmbel' siniz you are idle.

§ 71. In Turkish, as in Enghsh, the adjective precedes the noun, and never varies, being the same whether it qualifies a singular or a plural substantive,.

a mascuUne or a feminine noun. Ex.: dipc^ Jjy

gi^izel chichek beautiful flower: J^C^c^ (}j^ güzel chickeMer

32 r cr-j^ Lesson 2. rf

beautiful flowers; 7:\pI fj^j» bedyuJc a-ghaj a big tree: fİjpj»

^Icl h^yuk aghajlar big trees.

§ 72. The Negative of the Present Tense of the Substantive verb is as follows:

Negative Present. pi\ J$\> or J^:> deyil'im, J'J J$3 or J.)S^ deyiViz,

O;- Jp 3 » O^-JS^ deyil'sin^ J^- J$3 > J>JS^ deyiVsifiiz.

J 3 Jp i » jJJS^ deyiVdir, Jj^ J$\> » JS^ dey iller . I am not, thou art not, he is not, etc.

Interrogative Negative Present. ? ^t\ jj. J^ or ? r;*-K^ deyiVmi yim ?

? (>- j^ jr\> * ? Ck-«-^1S^ deyiVmi sin ?

?j3 (j*Jf^ » ?j-4*JS^ deyiVmi dir?

^ Jii ijjp^ ^^ ? JOS^ deyil'mi yiz?

?j5C- j»J^ » ?j5w-^JS^ deyil'mi sifiiz?

?Jj^ L^cP^ * ^J^-^^ dei/i/'mi dirUr? Am I not? art thou not? is he not? etc.

^ofe. It is very useful for the learner to conjugate the adjective with the verb and to write the latter in both its forms, the full and the abbreviated ones; as:

pi \ oy-Jx ^^ ^y-^y, * ^- 0>Jji or i>^-^j^i ' j^ û>->ji or

J Jjj&jji i ? pi\ (^ 0>Jji or ? ^>jji * 0^-^^j^_ ! p)S^ 0>Jj: '

JCil Words.

J ^y. ! ^ Tchayr no! ! ^xil ^khayr effendim! No,

. " Sirl [Sir t

t. ! o3\ ev vet yes! ! ^ j:3\ oji ^^-^^f. iff^ndim! Yes,

j-^^y qon-sliou neighbour J^^^ yapraq leaf

p. ^;;^^ dûshmen enemy p. <^^i bdh'-je^ garden

p. si^-j^ <?os^ friend <L\ a-rfa island

1 This is the common pronunciation, the correct pronun- ciation is : khas'-ttty ikh'-ti-yar^ khosh'-noud, bagh'-che (p. 8).

The Substantive Verb.

83

a. ^x--fr asker soldier •j^ qah've coflFee ^ J ver give i>7^\ Artin Pascal <, 3 * <ç7 tepe, depe hill

j^ sou water a. ^^ ?ja;jir' ready, present JJtj ySshit green lip* very

ûy-Jjt yorghoun tired ^^^ j^merd' generous a. p. jlx««.l» ^ama'X;iar avaricious p. 0^ *«^^ fresh (jli*JU» chaUshqan diligent

jLo-l ih'-ti-yar^ old (age)

.«. /io«/i'-noMdi content, P- ''.^-^ happy

p. 4i^ hasta ^ sick

^\ »^ pefc eyi very well!

V Jli5 Exercise 8. di» (Artin) ObjT >r ♦ jjJfS ^jJ^^ * j3 ^^»âi. j JU--J3 cJXil

* See the Note page 32. TurkiBh Cony.-Grammar.

8

84 r ^j^j> Lesson 2.

1 Ajt'j Translation 4.

1. Little hills. Red flowers. The green leaves and the beautiful gardens. 2. Is not the house large? — Yes, Sir, it is large. 3. The islands are small. That island is not small. 4. The coffee is very good. It is not 3(a) ivery ggood ^coffee. 5. The gardens and the trees are very nice. 6. Is the coffee ready? — No, Sir! 7. Are you ready? — Yes, gentlemen I I am ready. 8. Who is Mr. Charles? — He is a good neighbour. 9. Is the water fresh? — No, Sir, it is not fresh. — Give (a) fresh water. 10. Is the garden very far? — No, Sir, it is not very far, it is near. 11. Ahmed Bey is a good soldier. 12. He is a generous man. 13. That gentleman is not avaricious. 14. Master Georgie is very young.

To be corrected. a1|^ Conyersation*

^iy>- Jevah Answer Jl^ Sival Question

35

UT.

JJ3 (jltt.>.>

The Substantive Verb, i

§ 73. The Preterite or Past Tense oi Verb is as follows:

f Jüıl JJÎ hen idim I was iJjui\ Jj 6i/ tdifc wt

^^i ^>- 5^' tdt/l thou wast J^-4^ J- ^^-sf' idiûiz you > t^-^il jl o' id» he was Jjjul J}j\ onlar idiler they were.

The Negative Past Tense, ^M JfS Cx ^^^ dSyiV idim iJju\ J$3 J. hiz diyii' idik

^^\ JfS ^ sin diyiV idifi J^-^1 J^ J- si-gr d^yir irft^i<2f

^^\ y^ j\ 0 diyiV idi J^^M J$^ J^j\ onlar diyü' idiUr.

*•'■ I was not, thou wast not, he was not, etc.

The Interrogative Forms of the Same,

Bin' mi idim? sfn' mi idifl? o mou idi? I Biz' mi idik? siz mi idifiiz? onlar mı idiUr?

Was it I? was it thou? etc.

Bin dSyiV mi idim? sSn diyil' mi idifi? o diyiV mi idi? Biz diyiX mi idik? siz diyil' mi idifiiz? onlar diyil' mi idilir? or diy itler miyidi?

Was it not I? was it not thou? etc.

§ 74. The Numerals are used just like all other adjectives. Like them, they precede the noun. The noun qualified by cardinals always remains in the

singular (§71). Ex.: olj; bir adem aman, 3j>-j>- ^J^J

'it chojouq two boys.

Jm\ iki two jl \ altî six

»-j\ ûch three tiJ^ yidi seven

viiji dSbrt four jS.- sekiz eight

^j hish five jji^ doqouz nine

3*

36 r u^j^ Lesson 3. rl

oj\ on ten ^^ ^j\ on bir eleven

^i\ (jj\ on iki twelve, etc.

§ 75. The English word ''half" is expressed in two ways, by <jl yarîm and by Jj>-y^ bouchouq (§ 207). Tarîm is used before a noun like an adjective: b^ f:^ yarim gun half a day, c^L- ç^^ yarîm sa'at half an hour, j HI ^jl yarîm elma half an apple.

Soucfiouq is always used in connexion with a number. Ex. : Jj>-ji ^^Cl iki bouchouq two and a half, wpL, J^>-j» pjl uch bouchouq sa'at three hours and a half,

vj^ J^ji ^ I 0^'^^ bouchouq gun six days and a half.

§ 76. The English phrase "there is, there are" etc. is expressed in Turkish by ^jlj var 'there is, exists': its negative being Jjj yoq 'there is not' (§ 126 a).

J-> jij '' j\^ '^o.Ty var dîr there is,

jjijj * ^JJl 1/oq, yoq dour there is not.

iSM j\j var idi, varîdî there was,

(iJu\ Jji yoq idi there was not.

( J-> ) j\j ^^^^, hir Mtab var (dirj there is a book,

iSM JİJ v-jliSO &i> kitah var îdî there was a book. - u<^ f - \.<^ bir kitah yoq^ hir kitah yoq dowr there

(iJu\ j ji v»jli5\;j 6tr fciiaft yog trfi there was not a book.

§ 77. The Locative case is made by the addition of o3 de, da to the end of the word (§ 84). Ex.:

o3jl evde in the house, »Jot^ kitabda in the book,

* The w^ord var is called the Verb of Existence and Non- existence, or Verb of Presence and Absence by some European Grammarians, but there are no such verhs in Turkish.

rV The Substantive Verb. 37

o3-btpl» hdh'-je-de in the garden. Evde bir adem var, — dîr, there is a man in the house.

II - . u^ I Ö kitabda tCLSvirUr var dir^ there are J^J^^J^.j^ »-^^ J\ pictures in that book.

- ^^\^^ -I Bah'-jSde chiMk yoq dour, there are

-^-^Ji ^-^^t?" •^*^« no flowers in the garden.

.... ^ .1 BaK'jidi bir gut var idij there was

- ^'-^ v-'^ >-^- ^^ . a rose in the garden.

iİJü\ i 1 il % i ' ^ ^^^ güze I vS hSbyûk' ivdi idik, we were .» • Ji Jiji J üJy j'. in a nice [and] big house.

§ 78. İn asking the hour, it is said: ?jJb-S j>L- sa-at qach'dtr? What o'clock is it?

jJL^Cl c^L- sa-a^ iki'dir, it is two o'clock.

But .ivL. r i^^^' s^'^^ d^^^ means: How many -^ 5r hours are there?

jJCcL- ^/Cl î'i't' sa-at dır, there are two hours.

Sa'Ot means also 'a w^atch': c.^^ j, ^^^^ e^-^rr bir

sa-at an old watch, c.pL j»yjl j: &«V altouri sa-at a gold watch.

JCil Words.

p. oL- si'ydh' black a. ^^L &eya-2r white

t^^l i-ri large, big jljjl ou/ag small

^ ye-^i new ^5^1 es-gi old

J[^ c^iog much, many j\ a^f few, &ir a^ a little

i^jU «ari yellow ? p^ fcm.^ w^ho?

? 1^:15 gac?».^ how many? ?r^ ^. ^♦'' 2^<^^ some

ij- 8tid milk a. ^\^ sharab wine

p. »j^ meyve fruit a. ^^z>j» niekteb school!

Prop, names, a. ^>*. Hasan a. ^w J^ fcerim Grace,

0 ^j3 Exercise 5.

38 r u^ji Lesson 3.

olî-utu 1 • jj3 o^ji jiş>rjt ^-«-^-^ *^^^. j^>rjt --V

? ^^ JUTS o3jl Ju-^aİ j ©jJIj ' jJi) ^ »Jr,! j;4-İ3 oJLU-^3 j

o3ji ju-ati • Jj^ o^ji ojJb J j-^ ^ ^jLii jvi. — • (? Jjju.irs)

^ Ajt-j Translation 6.

1. Was he sick? — No, Sir (Be-yim), he was not sick; the soldier was very sick. 2. Is x4hmed B'^^y at home? — No, Sir, he is in the garden. 3. Who is there at home? — Hassan Effendi is at home. 4. Seven days and nine hours. Eight and [a] half days. 5. Was the coffee hot? — Yes, Sir, the coffee and the milk are hot; they are not cold. 6. Who is this young gentleman? — He is Kerim Effendi. 7. Three and seven are ten; five and six are eleven. 8. There are twelve hours in a day. 9. Aq-Shohir, Esgi-Sh^hir and Yefii-Shehir are large [and] fine cities. 10. How many islands are there in the Mediterranean Sea? 11. How many islands are there in the Black Sea? — There are two [or] three bad islands.

To be corrected.

r^ Declension of Nouns. 39

aI|^ Conrersation»

Selam m%^ Salutation

Sabah'lar khayr' olsonn! Good morning!

Akh'shamlar khayr' olsoun! Good evening!

Vaqltlar khayr' olsoun! Good day!

Na'sll sl^iz, ^yi'mi sifiiz? How do you do?

Eyi'yim, t^ehök'kûr ^d^rim. I am well, thank you!

Siz na'sîl eîfiîz, ^yi'mi siniz? How are you? are you ^fcll?

Choq'^yiyim ^fifiândim. I am very well, Sir!

El-ham'dûMah' ^yi'yim. Thank God, I am very well.

Rija'^d^rim, otourouTiouz'. Please take a seat.

Th^sh^k'kûr ^d^rim. Thank you!

Bouyou'roufieff^ndim,otou'rou&. Come in, Sir; take a seat.

Hassan' EflFendi, n^r^6 siîiiz? Mr. Hassan, where are you?

Bouyou'roufi eflPândim! Yes, Sir.

G^j^l^r khayr' olsoun! Good night!

Hosh' g^ldifiiz. You are welcome.

^ u^i> Lesson 4.

^\ J 1^1 Declension of Nouns.

§ 79. There are two numbers in Turkish: Singular and Plural; and six eases, expressing the diflferent relations of words to each other; namely: the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative and Ablative cases.

§ 80. The Nominative case (or the Subject) answers

to the questions : who? or what? ^ Urn? Ai ne? as the subject of the verb; as: Who is learning? — The boy

o^^j' ogh'lan,

§ 81. The Genitive (or Possessive) case answers to the questions : whose? ot of which? d\^ Jcimin? db4i

40 H. wJ> Lesson 4. «l*

nenin, Ex.: Whose book? — The boy's book dtütp^l (J,\:^ oghlanîn'^ kitabî,

§ 82. The Dative answers to the questions : to whom? to which? Ji^Mme? AiA» ne-ye? Ex.: To whom shall I give it? — To the boy mj^IpjI oghlana,

§ 83. The Accusative (or Objective case) marks the object of an action, and answers to the questions:

whom? or what? ^^S^ Jcimi? J^^ neyi? Ex.:- Whom or

wha#(io you see? — I see the boy, the house 4^5\pjI

ogh'lanî^, ^j\ evi^,

§ 84. The Locative answers to the questions: where? wherein? ©3oJ nerede? Ex.: Where is the boy? — He is in the school oJlI^C» mektebde,

§ 85. The Ablative answers to the questions: from

wJwrn? from what? cs^ kimden? o^^ neden? Ex.: From whom did you take this book? — From the boy

oJû^Ujl oghlandan.

§ 86. There is only one declension in Turkish, with four variations:

First Form. § 87. The first form comprehends all nouns

ending in consonants (except f] k, and J q):

a) Nouns ending in soft syllables.

Singular ^y^ Mufred' Plural »jh Jem

G. i)jju pMMn of \ ^ ^Jjj.. p^dMeHn' of ig

I o \ Q^

D. ojjü pdddrS' to J -^ •Jjj. pidSrUri' to ) 5

1 The Genitive and the Accusative do not always take the terminations -in, -i. These are required only when the noun in

It

Declension of Nouns.

41

A.

L.

ı^jjü pdderi' •jijju pdd^rdS' in

I

JC

.5

(ijjjü pidirliri' •ijjju pid^rlirdS* in A. û-^-^H P^^^^' from ) -a û-^Jj-H P^dirUrdin from

b) Nouns ending in hard syllables.

JLİ.U. ta«/iZar'

ilJilL «owWarln' of

oJl^lU tashlara to

(ijliU» tashlari'

ojJl^lL tashlarda' in

jjjJiilL tashlardan' from

c) Nouns ending in syllables which have the hard vowels ow or o in them.

N. G. D. A. L. A.

^l^ tasK «lit.U> iashtn' of

Aİ'U» JcM^a' to

^^U. tasM •Jl^IL tashda in o-^^ to^/tdan' from

o > «

c

N. Aj* motim' G. *UU^ moumote/i' of AAj» mouma to

oX»j» moumda' in

D. A. L.

c

U3

A. o-u^ fftotiifician' from

^^ moumlar iJjl*^ wıoMW?îarC#»' of

•JL.^ moumlara to iSj^j» moumlar i' »^J^j» moumlarda in ^jjjjL^ moumlardan from

oo

> «

o

d) Nouns ending in syllables which have the soft vowels ed or û in thera.

N.

>^ 8Ûd'

J^^ sûdUr

G.

^^j^ BÛdûfİ' of

■

ûj^j^ sûdlMn' of

• 00

D.

»^j^ 8Ûde to

»J^j^ sûdUrS' to

JM

A.

(i^j- «MCÎH'

iSj^j^ sudUri'

L.

o^^j^ siiddS' in

•+J

»^J^j^ sudUrdS' in

"^

A.

jjü^^ suddSn' from

o-^J-^,^ sudUril^n from

the Genitive or Accusative is definite. When the in or -i is omitted, the Genitive or Accusative is the same aa the Nominative in form (§§ 109, 251). When the Indefinite form of these two cases is to be described, it is styled by some Orientalists the Nominatival form of the Genitive or Accusative. But the indefinite forms of those two cases are called by the native grammarians simply Nominative.

42

•l u^j^ Lesson 4.

«Lf

Second Form.

§ 88. The second form of declension comprises

all consonants ending in J q. The difference from

the first declension is this, that J g' is changed into

i- gh, whenever it is followed by a vowel (§ 52, 2). Ex.:

jIL ba-Uq: here J q is not followed by a vowel, because

it stands at the end of the syllable, âi ba-U-qa: here

the third syllable begins with J q and is vowelled,

therA^re it changes into i- gh, thus we have a^I 6a- U-gha. This change takes place in the Genitive, Dative and Accusative cases: in the Locative and Ablative cases

and in the plural the J q remains unchanged, because in those cases q is not followed by a vowel.

Note. In Arabic and Persian words and in all words borrowed from foreign languages, the j q remains unaltered.

^ 1'

Singular ^Jl^ Mtifred

N. 'jJli ha-Uq

* r

G. D. A. L. A.

^ *

ha-ll-ghlfi of ba-ll-gha to ha-U-ght ba-Uq-da in ba-liq-dan from

OQ

«a

Xi

The fire-place

:^^j\

o-jaq-dan o-jaq-da o^ja-ght

The boy cho-jou-glwu cho-jowgha

cho-jouq-dan

Plural njh Jem

JLiJL ba-Uq-lar

4JLÂİli 6a-h*g-7a-rt/l of

•JLilli ba-liq-la-ra to

(iJJii ba-Uq-la-H

•jJLiJlj ba-ltq-lar-da in

oJijlilL ba-Uq-lar-dan from

4İ.Uj\ dlfrUjl (iV^i O'ja-gha o-ja-ghtil o-jaq.

S

OQ

J3

cho'jou-ghoun cho'jouq-da.

cho'jouq

Declension of Nouns.

43

'T'hird Form.

'n contains all the soft syllabled

^ letter Tcef is changed into '^at is, when the syllable

he A* is changed into

^ot vowelled, it is '^l ^r-de-he is with f] A;;

I edr-de-ye

unciation, jaf (§ 34).

native cases immediately

at thb wrong, for

therefore the k m.

(§ 52, 2). This is n. as there are no diflPerent .

In the plural and in the jLv fe is unchangeable, as a vowel »^ foUow the k (§ 88).

Singular ^jIa Mufred'

N. 'i)ijj\ ibr-dik the duck

G. ^t\^jj\ ^r-di-yifi of the duck

•I). <rSjjl ^r-di-yi to the duck

^' i^Jj\ ^r-dS-yi the duck

L. •jiXjjl ^r-dSk'di in the duck

A. oS^^jj\ ^f'dik'den from the duck.

Plural njf Jem

N. J^^jj\ ebr-dik-Ur the ducks

G. ÛJS^jj\ ior -dSk'liriü of the ducks

D. »J^jj\ edr-dik'U-re to the ducks

A. iSj^jj\ ebr-dSk-le-ri the ducks

L. «jj^lSojji ebr 'dSk'Ur-di in the ducks

A. o^J^Jji Sbr-d4k-Ur'den from the ducks.

The bread

ûJ^ 0^^:15^ ^^Crî <^:lr\ dı^lrî iiu^

fi-mik-din ^k-mik-di Sk-mi-yi ik-mi-yi ik-mi-yifi ik-mik.

44

*L u^j^ Lesson 4.

•l.*!.

Tlte whistle

dû-dû-yû dû'dûyi

dû'dûk-din

dû'dû-yûfl dû'dûk-di.

dû'dûk

Note, Jj\ og arrow. J^ toq satiated, J^ ç^rg forty, iJj*

ywfc load, ^^hedk a root, are exceptions to the above rules, as they do not change q into gh, and k into y.

Fourth Form. § 90^ The fourth form comprises all nouns

ending in the vowel letters ^J © j I . In the singular,

the Genitive is formed by adding dU -nin; in the Dative

Ai -ye is added to the Nom., in the Ace. (j, ^yi (§53).

No change takes place in the remaining cases or in the plural (§§ 88, 89).

§ 90^. When a word ending in a vowel receives a grammatical ending beginning with a vowel, a hiatus results, which is practically a difficulty in pronunciation. This is very common in Turkish (§ 53). To^ avoid this

difficulty it is usual to insert a consonant (^y (and only

in the Genitive o n. This is really the retention of part of the original genitive termination -nin).

Plural «J?" Jem Jill a-na-lar iJJl;\ a-na-la-rtn of •Jl*\ a-na-la-ra to (iJM a-na-la-rî «ijl*\ a-na-lar-da in o^JM a-na-lar-dan from

ke-di-yi ke-di-nin kd-di.

Singular ^Jl^ Mufred'

N. U a-na

G. vUlillT a-na-nîn of

D. 4ilJ\ a-na-ya to

I»"

A. JX'\ a-na-yî

S

L. •il!\ a-wa-<ia in

••*

A. (j->M a-na- cian from

The cat

oJ^i-J^ ©Juji^ J.(İa5^

ki'di'dân kd-di-dS ki-di

-yi

OD

t0 Declension of Nouns. 45

The well

^.xy ""tjiy "^jty ^ y.y

qpu-you-you qou-yoti-ya qou-you-noun qou-you

qpu-you'dan qou-you'da. The hill

/)i<i3 Oi^ii (3<Ji 4j<j3 »lAj<i3 <ji

de^'dâ^n d^-pS-dS di-pi^yi di-pi-yi di-pi-nin dS-pS, The water

O^j^ »>^ Lİ,^ \J^ ^>^ J^

sou'dan sou-da sou-you sou-ya sou-youfi sou.

Note 1, Singulars ending in the vowel o -^ do not join

this letter to the sign of the plural or the endings of cases (§ 32 b).

Note 2, The word j^ sou forms its Genitive irregularly.

V ^Ju^ Exercise 7.

Decline the following words, writing them in Turkish characters : and also indicate their pronunciation in Eng- lish characters, with their meanings.

* dl5^ deynek a stick * ji 1^ franq a franc * Jji^ ' Jl>c-^ * ©jî

• iS^ ^^y village Translate into English.

•(5 Ji^t->. /CJujG -(CjvS^ J * ^ »oJ^lL 0 3 Î o3-ü3 r iLojj

•ûojtT* <y.t^- ^^^yry: ^ • *^^^ • *<^^^^ • c5i*^ ^

46 *u u^j^ Lesson 4. «ul

A Ajt'j Translation 8.

1. The mountains; of the mountains; to the moun- tains; from the mountain. 2. Four [or] five trees; on the three trees; of the good tree, of the good trees, from the good trees. 3. Give the book (ace.) to the big [one]. From the big [one]. 4. In the valley, to the valleys. The valleys are green. 5. ^I saw gthe green hills, 3 the black mountains 4 and 5 the white flowers ifrom the village. 6. In the hot, to the hot; the hot (ace); the hot (nom.). 7. 2 1 saw 1 the gentlemen (ace); to the gentleman; of the gentlemen ; on the gentleman. 8. The green leaf (ace); on the green leaves; on many green and nice leaves. 9. Of the coffee; in the coffee; from the coffee. To the coffee-houses (qaKvelere), 9. From the hot; from the cold; from the little and on the great. 10. To the great men. 11. To the white and the black (ace). 12. To five francs.

Correct the following words.

* ^J^-^. ' L^^} ' ^|i ^ ♦ ^y^ ' the arrow ^jl • <\y^^

aI|^ Conyersation.

Hoshja qalln ^ff^ndim. Good bye, Sir!

Hosh g^ldiûiz, s6fa geldiniz. You are welcome.

S^lam 8^yl6. Give my salutations (to the home

circle). P^d^r^ choq s^lam s^yl6. Give my salutations to your

father. Bash ûstûnĞ ^flf^ndim. Very well, Sir.

IV The Pronouns. 4T

^ u^^ Lesson 5.

cJ\y\:^ The Pronouns.

§ 91. Turkish Pronouns are divided into seveD classes :

1. Personal, 2. possessive, 3. adjectival, 4. demon- strative, 5. reflexive, 6. indefinite and 7. interrogative- pronouns.

1. Personal Pronouns. <^u^

§ 92. They are: J: ^^j ^ ^^» j' ö, ^jjjS^^ kendL They are declined as follows:

First Person.

Singular ^Jut Mufred!

PluraJ «J?- Ji^w^'

N.

Oi bin I

J: 5i-2f we

G.

J^ hinim my

^J: &i;?tm our

D.

15C ^a-Ha to me

•

• Ji 5t-8f« to VLB

A.

Jl 5^-tit me

t^J: 5i^;t us

L.

oJû &^n(7^ in me

•

•ij». toi^ in us

A.

ÛJÛ hindin from me.

o^J: bizdin from us.

Second Person.

N.

^ sin thou

J- si> you

G.

dJL- si-nifi thy

il^ smVi yours

D.

iC- ^a-na to thee

•J- sizi to you

A.

^^ «^-n» thee

t^j- sm you

L.

oJlI^ 8İH-di in thee

•^j-- sizdi in you

A.

oJû- 5^n-d^n from thee.

o^J- «t>d^n from you

1

Third Person.

Singular 3 i^

Mûfred'

N. jl 0 he she, it

G. dl: \ * lUUji onow/l, an\fi his, hers, its

48

• u^J^ Lesson 5.

•WA

D. A. L. A.

ı/^T t w^ » ' ' (to him, him

ir^ ^j\o-na, a-na {t^ her, to it

(il * âj\ (Htou, a-nt' him, her

•Jj\ * oXj\ on-da'y an-d4' in him

(jXt \ ' o-J^ji on-dan', an-den from him.

N. G. D. A. L. A.

0^1: \

Jem

anlir them

aMrifi of them

avdiri' to them

anliri' them

Plural ^

* o^L'jl onlara f kSj^j\ onlarVf »^J^j\ onlarda' t anUrdi' in them

ö>J^\ ' ö^J^j\ onlardan, ardirdin from them.

Reflexive form of the Third Person,

Singular 3 i« Mufred'

^. iSXS^kSndi

G. vl\Ljj:$^/;^ndmi^ of

D. <L,xS^ kendine to

A . ^^i jJ.^ kSndini

L. aXiXS^ kindindi in

A. (jX^xS^ kindindSn from

Plural

«Tern'

> ?2

G

J^iXS^ kendiUr jlJaXS^ kendilerin of aJ^xS^kindiliri to (i^li jjl5^ kindiliri o:>J<iXS^ kindiUrde in o^ XiXS"^ kSndiUrdin from

>

S

*4

§ 93. The English conversational form of address is 'you'; in Turkish, however, there are two forms: shi and sis. Sen is employed in addressing parents, near relatives, children, servants, pupils, and intimate friends, such as would be addressed by their Christian names in England. Si» is used in addressing strangers, or mere acquaintances (§ 494).

§ 94. Instead of Im and sü their double plural

J j; ' }y> hider, sizler are sometimes used in all the si^

cases. This cannot be expressed in English. They are ^ven used, out of politeness, instead of hen and sen^

<u^ The Pronouns. 49

2. Possessive Pronouns. iUi jw^

§ 95. The Possessive Pronouns of the Turkish language do not really correspond to those of the English, but are merely possessive affixes. Possessive affixes are used instead of the English possessive pro- nouns. They consist of syllables added at the end of nouns. They have the value of pronouns, and cannot stand alone.

§ 96. The possessive affixes are the following:

^_ Sing. I. person my j«_ Plur. I. person our

iJ_ y> II. » thy j5^ » II. » your

tf_ » III. » his. (ij- » III. » their.

Ex.: Sing. 1\ dlim d\ll Slin J\ S-li

my hand, thy hand, his hand;

Plur. jll i-limiz J<J1 S-liniz iSj\ il'-Uri our hands, your hands, their hands.

§ 97. The pronunciation of the Possessive Affixes varies in the following way (§ 52):

1. If the word to which they are added end in a consonant, the affixes are pronounced: im, in, i; imi», iniüf, leri, as in the above.

2. If the preceding predominant vowel in the word be ou or o, although written in the same way, they

are pronounced: outn, oun, ou\ oumouz, aunouz,

larî, Ex. : j^y * di-ly ' ^y • yJ^^ * j^^^ ' (Sj^^

Qoushoutn, qoushouh, qoushou; qoushoumou», qoush- (Mnou», qoushlari. My bird etc.

3. If the word end in a vowel, they have then only the value of the letters m, n, si; miz, niz, leri, Ex. :

j^tT' fjtf ' ^T Î y\\ ' jîTtT ' ^J\\ Anam, man, anasi; a-namiz, a-nanîz, a-nalarî. My mother etc.

4. If the predominant vowel in the word be eo, Û, the vowel of the affix is pronounced fi, to agree with

it; as 1^3/ ' &j/^'sjf- >3/"' f^p^J'^fG^'ZÛm,

Turkish Conv.-Grammar. 4

50 9 ,^ji Lesson 5. •♦

My eye etc.

§ 98. In the third person singular, when the word ends in a vowel, a ^j- ^ is inserted for euphony, as:

aU ' fill ' ^^U ba-ha-sî (and not j^ll ha-baA). The only

exception to this rule is the word ^ sou; as: ^^ '

dXj^^'^y^ Sou-youm, sou-youn, sou-you; sou-you-mouZy sou-you-nouz^ soulari. My water etc.

§ 99. If the word ends in one of the connected

letters (§ 24) the suffix ^ is not written when declinec3 in Singular cases, but the sound i is retained; as:

,^1:5^' dbl:^' ^tT' .c>tS^' ^^^' u-^^KitcM,

'bî-nîn, 'bî-na, -bî-nî^ -bîndan, -bînda, '

§ 100. If it ends in one of the unconnected letters O 3 J -^^ the iC i is retained; as: /Cjl ' dXhj\ * Oji

^jl ^ Cj^J^ ' oX)jI e-vi, e-vi-nin, e-vi-ne, e-vi-ni etc.

§ 101. If the final vowel of the substantive is 0 e, it is never joined on to the possessive in writing (§ 32); as: j»o^3 ' fJo33 ' ^^©3^ de-dem, de-defi, de-desi

not jsb33 '*£Aa^^ My grandfather etc.

§ 102. The genitives of the Personal pronoun are used, when required, to emphasize and corroborate the possessive affixes of the same number and person. They are never used alone, without their equivalent possessive

affixes to corroborate them; thus ^\ ^j^ qardasMm my

brother (not my sister etc.), JL\^j\'i ^ benim qardasMni my brother (not your brother or his brother) (§ 120)-

§ 103. A final J g, in a polysyllable, as in declension, changes into i- gh before the possessive

ot The Pronoans. 51

affixes, singular or plural, excepting that of the third person plural ; so also f) k changes into y in like cases

(§ 53). Ex. : Jty ' ^ty ' dl^ly ' J^y • >^ty ' 3<lty Qo-naq^ qo-na-gJUm, qo^a-ghin, qo-na-ghl; qo-na-ghi-

■ mtz, qo-na-ght-fdz. My mansion etc. dbl ' ^^^>\ '

dlfo I ' ^^o I • J*-^Oi I * j^^3CL i I-nek, i-ne-yim, i-^ie-yih, i-ne-yi; i-ne-yi-miz, i-ne-yi-niz. My cow etc.

With Singular Nouns.

p7\ Jo &^tm a-fim my horse dl:\ sUll- «^mn a-fifl thy horse J\ »^j\ onoufi a-t% his horse jE\ ^J», hizim a-tî-mtz our horse j^T iJj- »l-?tVl a-ti-nîz your horse (i^'\ iljli'jl onlartfl at-la-rî their horse.

With Plural Nouns.

*^\ Jo hSnim atlarîm my horses il^'l siL- s^niVl atlarin thy horses (iJL"\ »Hjjl owoM/l afZart his horses J»^\ ^J», hizim atîarîmîz our horses j5^*\ iJj- sizifl atlarîütz your horses (i^ljl ^J^j\ onlarifl atlart their horses.

§ 104. In some words the vowel of the last syllable is eliminated when the possessive affix is added, except in the third person plural.

J$^^ * J^J^ged-nûlf geoü'lûm heart, my — .

J^c.\ * iljc-^ a-ghîz, agh-ztü mouth, thy — .

^y.y. ' dt.j\ bo-youfiy hoy-nou neck, his — .

Jfrj\ *jJlcjl o-ghoul, ogh'lou-mouz son, our ~.

oJJji ^ J^Oji bou-roun, bour-nou-fiouz nose, your — .

4*

52

• u^J^ Lesson 5.

a. Jifr * pJiic. a-gîly aq-Um mind, sense, my — . a. cJj * »Ibdj va-gît, vaq-tiu time, thy -r-, a. p-J * tr*— 5 qt'sim, qîs-mî part, his — . a. p— \ * J.,..»— \ i'Sim, is-mi-miz name, our — . p. ^^ 'J^Z^ she-Mr, shih'-ri-niz city, your — .

But in the third person gS-nuhUri, a-ghiz-lari, h<hy lart, oghoul'larî, bourounlartj aqU'lari etc.

§ 105. As it has been seen, the possessives affixed to the substantives they qualify, and form word with them. That compound word is then deel Hke a simple substantive; as:

i. Affixes of the First Person,

Singular 3 i^ Mufred'

N. ^\:^'kitdb\m G. ^\z^Utab%m\ü of D. <i}cS^'kitdb\ma to J^::S^liitah^m^

Plural

A t

Jem

A. L.

(jr:

ijji\:S^kitabîmda in

A. oJxliS^fctYaMwc^an from

o o

y^}c^ I'itdbtm^z j}js.\:S^ JcitaUmîzîn of ojt\:S^ hitahtm^za to iSJ^^'S^ kitabimizi o :ijsi\:S^ kitabimiz da in ^^j^\::S^ kitabtmizdan froi

2. Affixes of the Second Person.

N. >tX\:^ kitabin

G. ^t^^}:^ ki'ta-bi-yifi of

D. -^lıS^fcıYaftî^a to

«

A. ^}::^ kitabini

L. 0j^t\::S^ kitabin da in

A. jjJi^ 1:5^ A:i^a&î^daw from

o o

j^CLiS^ kitabiniz Û^}:S^ kitabinizin of oj^l::5^fct^a5Hî<sa to (ij<^l:^ kitabinizi o^j.^\:S^ kitabinizda in o :>j^ \:S^kitabintzdan f roi

N. G. D.

5. Affixes of the Third Person. i^\:S^ kitabi ]m iS X^:S^ kitablari

o "^ •

vlb 1:5^ A;i<aWni>l of ) -§ vUIl JLl:i^/:ifa6Zartm*^ of <li\:S^ kitabına to *^ <L Si\:S^ kitablarina to

J

•r The Pronouns. 53

o I ^

L. »X^\:S^ JcitaMnda m ]£ »J^ St\zS^hitablarînda in }'^

80 I «w^

A. jjûbs AntoMndan from) 2 o jJ^ lı^^^fciiaftZarîtulan from] ^

Fogtlm, vaqiXmMi^ ra^tima, ragtîıı?i, -Utndo, -dan My time . . . ^Mfl, d-vi-yifl, i-vifU, Mhi^ i-vifidi^ Mfiden Thy house . . . (Japttöou, qapousounouii, -souna, -sounoUf -saundan^ -da His door . . . Ba-U-ghi^mtz, 'mtzîû, -miza, -mtzi, mUda, -muzdan Our fish . . . Ek-mi-yi-fiiz^ -üizifi, -üizdj -niziy -üizde, -fiizdin Your bread . . . Omafdari, -larînifi, -lartnaj -larint, larînda, -dan Their forest . . .

§ 106. The Accusative Singular of a noun agrees in form and in pronunciation with the third person singular possessive affix added. The noun with this affix, however, is always the subject in a sentence, while the other similar form is always object. Ex.:

• ıl-5^%liül& ^^*^^^ kitabi bourada dir The book of

c^Jüji *lc. lliS^dJLJlft -^^*'**** kitabi ghayb oldou The book of ^ • - Ali [Eli] has been lost.

(ijJjj Jlfr J,\:S^ Kitabi Ali bauldou Ali has found the book.

In the first and second examples the word ^y.^*^

paeans 'his book' (Nom. third person), and is the sub- ject of the sentence: in the third example the word is

the objective case of the word ^1:5^.

JCi] Words.

*^j^ chiz'me (out of door) boot 3tJ^ chariq sandal

f. CAİsy fotin boots V^-^J^ chorab stockings

f. bjAly qoundoura shoe ojj:^ jezve { "" ^^^l^.^^^

P- rj>\ pabauj slipper 6^^ finjan coffee-cup

f. J'^15 qalosh over-shoe, galoche 0^^^ choban shepherd

jM a-yaq foot f. «iU- chay tea (Chinese)

'^^^^ dey-nek stick t^U- chay brook.

^ ^JUi Exercise 9.

54 o (^ji Lesson 5. 0^

'f^\>- ' ^U o »(^jl ' dhjl ' dJijl \ ondan oSa^\ î evinden ' •>'^ •>. "^ • («<=«•) c*iV 'cJiV ' iSiA^ ' ^>-^ = ^>.V

^jU vLlil^ • ı^J^y j Jj^jGjS n i «^j^ evimizde ö^Jc^

> ♦ Ajt^j Translation 10.

1. Me, he, they, you, thou, my, her, his, thy, ours, yours, their. 2. To me; to thee; to you; on thee; in you; on me; from me. 3. Him, himself; to him; in him; from him. 4. The cat (ace.), the cat (nom.); his cat (nom.), his cat (ace); his cats (nom.), his cats (ace); their cats, their cat (nom.). 5. His daughter (nom,); his daughter (ace), the daughter (ace), your daughter (ace). 6. In their valley, in our house, to your garden, to your horse. 7. My son, to my son, to his son; his children (pi. nom.). 8. In your time; from your time; to his time. 9. His nose, of his nose; to your nose, their noses. 1 0. In the city, in your city, to your city, from our city. 11. On my head, on his head, my heaid (nom.), my head (ace). 12. The tea (ace and nom.),

o»

The izafet.

55

bis tea (ace. and nom.); in our brook. 13. The shepherd, their shepherd, their shepherds (nom. and ace). 14. My over-shoes, thy shoes; his sandals; her stockings and boots; our coffee-cup, your coffee-pot.

To be corrected.

*(5ji * (^tl ^ • oghotdounouz * oghoulou ^ ^«Jlpji ^

'>juoa5^ 1 • oj<dlT ' (^Jl^lT r . (third pers.) ^^jS^

aI|^ Conyersation.

8. HaftanîÜ gÛDİ^rini s^yl^!

J.Pazar, Pazar' - 6rtösi , Salî, Char'shamba , P^r'sh^mb^, Jouma-a', Jouma-a ^rt^si.

& S^n^nin d^rt mevsimlerini 8^yl6 1

t7. Bahar, Yaz, Gûz, Qlsh.

^' Gûnûâ taqsiml^rini s^yl^!

^, Sbafaq, Sabah', Qoushlouq, Koylun, ikindi, Akhsham, G^j^, Yat'sî, G^j^ yarîsî or Yarî g^j^.

Q. Teli me the days of the week.

A. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thur8day,Friday, Saturday.

Q. Tell me the four seasons of the year.

A, Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter.

Q, Tell me the divisions of the day.

^. The Dawn, Morning, Fore- noon (9 a. m.). Noon, After- noon, Evening, Night, Bed- time (two hours after sunset), Mid-night.

'^ u^i> Lesson 6.

^Ul The Izaf6t.

§ 107. The possession or connexion of one thing or person with another is called in Turkish, izafet, ^'hich means 'addition or annexation'.

One substantive is governed by another in three different ways:

§ 108. I. By juxtaposition, without change. This IS used to shew the relation between a material and ^he thing composed of it. The name of the material

56 1 u-J-i Lesson 6. •!

is simply put, like an adjective, before the other sub- stantive. Ex. :

J^^ oy^\ altoun qoutou a golden box. JiAl. dJLil i'pdk mendil a silk handkerchief. ^i^cL iJ'jA^ gû-mûsh saat a silver watch.

Or the noun expressing the material is put in the ablative ease; as:

t\z^^ ijX^j^ \ altoundan kebstSk a chain of gold. iJLj<Lj (jju-lH Umandan hiUzik a bracelet of diamond. ,^L>j>. û-^ji youndan chorab woollen stockings.

§ 109. II. By placing the first substantive in the Nominative or unaltered form, and adding to the second

the pronominal affix of the third person (^ or ^^ -i or -si).

This is used to indicate not only possession but also genus and species, the name of the species coming fiirst (§ 81, Note). Ex.:

i^J? jl Sv qapou^ou a house-door (indefinite). c4^^ jiy qouyou sou-you well water. j^\s.\ ^jAj\ armoud a-gha-ji pear tree. ^ll\ <^U^ Amasiya elması Amassia apple.

§ 110. The names of countries, rivers, mountains, cities etc. are formed in this way, the first of the two nouns remaining unchanged; as:

JİJ3 Jilcic Osmanlt dhUti The Ottoman government. ^A3^\^ y\>^\ In-gi-Uz qralichast The queen of England. iS^^ <-^l>r* ^^'^^^ shSh'ri The city of Sivas.

jU ^j\ Ermini mil'Uti The Armenian nation. ^/.li» t^l^jl Er-ji-yas da-ght Mount Argeas. iS^ <i^ Touna nih'ri The river Danube. L^i j_^L. Mayis a-yt The month of May.

§ 111. ni. By placing the first in the Genitive, and adding to the second the pronominal aflix of the

•V The izafet. 57

third person (^ or ^-, -i or -si). This indicates the relation

of possession and is essentially definite, and is generally used when the article 'the' would be put before the first noun in English.

The name of the possessor is placed first, as when the possessive case is used in English. Ex.:

j^jJ ^j\ 4'mfi qapousou The door of the house (definiteX j».lc.\ %lJllll\ ilmaniü a-ghaji The tree of the apple. L^^ "^jty gpu-younouü aouyou The water of the well.

§ 112. When the two nouns come together in English, with the word of between them, the first ex- pressing the quantity of the second, the phrase is trans- lated into Turkish by simply putting the name of the quantity before the other noun and omitting 'of as in German they say Eine Flasche Wein, 'a bottle of wine'.

t^U. 9-jj j^ hir qadih chay a cup of tea. J^ ^j\ r J^ wc^ oqqa sh4-k4r three okes of sugar. J» dnijl oj\ on arshin h^z ten yards of cloth. t^lJucjj *lX^j\ jjj yuz eblchik boughday' a hundred bushels of wheat. Ojiy JJj^ J, bir sûru qoyoun a flock of sheep.

§ 113. The following construction is frequent be- tween a noun and a cardinal number.

(S^j^ »iLllC^or iS^j^ o yJa\:S^ kitabin dSbrdû or kitablardan

debrdû four of the books, or four books.

,^jf*\ *iij'<l»j\ or (jr*^^ iij<l»ji or ^J^\ ö>J^j\ o-da-nîfi

ikisi or odaîariû ikisi or o-dalardan ikisi two of the rooms, or two rooms.

§ 114. These constructions are declined:

Evifi qapousou, -noun, -nay -nou, -sounda, -soundan.

§ 115. There are two words 03— (-de^ -dft) in Turkish; one is used with the nouns to form the Locative

case, and is always accented (§ 84): o^jl ev-de\ oJlpL baghda in the house, in the vineyard.

-58

'\ i^j^ Lesson 6.

§ 116. The other -de -is a conjunction, meanir ^also, and' : it is never connected with the noun, nor it accented; that is, the accent is at the end of tl

preceding word; as: o3 jl ev de ' »^ p-l» bagh' da

0^ ^jJb pederim' de * o3 ^ benirn de; meaning Tl house also, the vineyard too, my father also, mine aİ8<

j\j oi ojûj * j\j 0 3 oju- h^nde divar, sinde di' var 'The is in me and in you', i. e. '1 have and you have' (§ 477).

§ 117. Dor-Khi fJ-^ is also used with the saa

meaning ('also, too'); as: L^ ©jii ' L^ ^jcl- bend dakhi, sende daJchi 'in me also, in thee too' (§ 477).

JCii Words. Familya LL«lî The Family.

II I; \ a-na haha\

/ parents a. Oi-^l? valideyn )

III haha I p. jjü pederi li\ a-na a. »j}\j valide

<li\ an'-ne mamma

sister

father

mother

U iJji^ bedyuk haba ) ^^and c:^o:^'o:^^dide M^*^^^^

grand mother

<i <t * <ll neni <i\ e-he I' 1 ^jij{ hebyuk ana

oJJj^ toroun grand child

L^bjlS qardash J^l jJjlS qa-rtndash ) brother P' J^\j: birader

urbj^ J^ Çİ^ qardash

p. o^A^ hemshiri

Jpj\ oghoul son

o>^ji oghlan boy

jj^^ chojouq child

Jo ^Ijf girl, daughter

a. ASi^ kerimi daughter

(ijlî garl wife, woman

a. ^ emmi \ uncle

; (father's ^j^ amoujaj brother)

oJC tei/ze\ aunt

) (mother's 4JU. khala ) sister)

t ' ' / aunt ^•^^■'^M (father's siste

i I ^ ^^ .,if uncle (rao- ^>^y*tther'sbrothc

J-^J^. v>.^ qa-y in birader^

I

o^

The İzafet.

59

i.T 1- - ^ /father-in- L \ v>> gaym ato ^ j^^

i.T •- - /mother-

v-rj« i'^**'*\daughter-in-law

^Ub damad the sonin-law

-* -i ' • i*/ / sister's hus- <^\enw;»f€^ band

J^jülı haldîz wife's sister

.1 ,, ./husband's bro- ^^ ^"*\ ther s wife

<^ A --^•' /husband's <^jjj^ g^rumje ^ ^.^^^^

-^ j>.-.> / relative (by jj^ji dunur ;intermarria/e)

^ I J ' ' i 2l nephew; C^i y^y^w, yegen ^ ^^^^ '

p. o^\j ^yf" am ja zade p. o^i j aİI». hhala zade) cousin p. o^lj c^ii dayl zade

j brother-in-law ^Jl[»^\tbajanaq I (wife's sister's

( husband)

A>.y qoja husband >^\ ah'la elder sister

<»-<»> chichi eldest sister

T X

servant

a.p.ji^jci. kh%zmitlctar\ a.t. j^i>. khizmetji j

piU. hanim Lady, Miss, Mrs. c^L» «a-yî number ^j\ * ^,j\ ohir, olbir the other a. Jî>\^ Jchala-yiq \ ^^j^j a. -u jU jan-y^ f «^^^^^°* (5Jûd\ ^/fVfwdi gentleman, Sir a.^lw* mûsafir guest ^jji.qafis cage.

N N ^cJ^ Exercise 11«

60 '\ ,^j^ Lesson 6. *!♦

As^yf- ajio^Ij^^ ^ • • jjji'j\ iJj/j^j c^^y ^^ ^^'^ ^

®^ ^ (i^-^' c5-^^ '^i®^^-^ L5d'^ • (^^^^^^ ^s called) Jjr,3 o3 \cj\ aJİpjI dUl^jS jtî ^ T . jjL^jjlî dA:L-lİ3j6 stX\A>'S • 5JI *

\X Ajt-j Translation 12.

1. Coffee-pot, coffee-cup; an oke of coffee of Y6in6n

(•,c). 2. Cow's milk; the milk of the cow; in cow's

milk, in the milk of the cow. 3. Three of them; two of the oxen; the ten (of the) gold w^atches. 4. Two bottles of wine; a glass of water. 5. Three pounds (okes) of tea; three and a half yards of cloth. 6. The children of the village; the village children. 7. Both of them ; my father and my grand father. 8. The English government; the English nation. The city of Paris. 9. The door of the garden; a garden door. 10. Two of those children; two of your children. 11. Four of my cousins. 12. The number of the books of my brother's son is great. 13. Am I not your son, and are you not my parents? — Yes, my son! thou art my son, I am your father and she is your mother. 14. N6jib6 Hanîm is my sister and Miss Mary is her sister-in-law. 15. A city-door; the door of the city; the door of a city; a door of a city; a door of the city.

To be corrected.

M *

J3

\) The verb To Have. 61

a1|^ Conrersation.

? t

V i^^c> Lesson 7.

The verb 'To Have'.

§ 118. The English verb To Have' is expressed in Turkish in two ways, according to the object of the verb.

If the object is indefinite the adjectives jlj var

present: existent' and Jj* yoq 'absent: non-existent* are used to express that sense. These may be followed by

the verbal particle of affirmative j3 dir, which in this

case, as in many other cases may be omitted in con- versation (§ 76).

If the object is definite the Substantive verb İ8 employed (§ 127).

1. The verb To Hate with an Indefinite Object.

§ 119. In such phrases as: I have a book, he lias a dog, it is expressed in two ways.

I. By putting the subject in the Genitive, followed

62 V ^^j^ Lesson 7. If

by the object with the possessive affix and the verb jlj'j3jlj var J var dîr; 3y^ jJİy yoq, yoq dotir\ as:

J^jlj r^^^^j'. fi hinim bir kitabîm var dîr I have a book.

- ıH^ dJLLL h^h^'"^^'^ h^^ Icîtdbî yoqdour My father has "^ -^ • ^' not a book.

Literally: of me there is a book, of my father there is no book.

§ 120. Sometimes the subject, when a pronoun, is omitted, especially when the subject is not accented or emphasized: then the affix of the object indicates the subject (§§ 70, 102); as:

J^ j\j ^}^^, ^*^ kitabîm var dîr I have a book.

The affix shows the person of the subject.

§ 121. When the subject is a noun it is always considered as in the third person, therefore the object must end with the pronominal affix of the third person,

(^ or ^^ {i or 8İ).

. ^ . ^\. ..«I Eff indinin bir evi var dîr The gentleman bas

\ Ilı viic. Chojoughoufl bir ilmasî var The boy has

JU cT ^ J'- J^J^ an apple.

The words J^j>- ' tS-Cİl being substantives, are of

course in the third person.

§ 122. n. The verb To Have with an indefinite object is rendered in Turkish in another way also. In the first way the subject was in the Genitive case; in the second, the subject must be put in the Locative; as:

J-> jb v^*^^. '-^ bindi bir kitab var dîr I have a book.

J 3 j\j pA5 ^. ^-^J-k pidirimdibir qalim var dîr My father has a pen.

§ 123. Although it is not very correct grammati- cally, there is a custom among the common people not to append to the noun the possessive affixes of the first and second persons plural. Instead of saying correctly Sij^in atW0, hwim evimiz, they say Sizin at, bizim ev just as in English. Bizim evin penjeresi the window of our house, for Bizim evimizin penjeresi. Bizim peder our father, for Bizim pederimiz, or merely peder; as:

nr The verb To Have. 6^

§ 124. The Plural Locative forms of the Personal Pronouns sometimes give the sense of 'house, home'. Bizde bir i-nek var means both ^We have a cow' and 'There is a cow in our house'. Lit.: 'in us'.

§ 125. But the rendering for nouns is different: 'at my father's' or 'in my father's house', 'the people

of my father's house', are expressed by adding J^gil; as:

1^ 11 hdbam gil The people of my father's house, my ^ f . . father's family.

ojJi5^pi.l;Ulj hajanaghim gildi at my brother-in-law's house^

45^A»^Aİ^ hSmshir^m gili to my sister's.

ji pv • I <^ \ day\m gil hizde dir The family of my uncle i» * ^' ^- pi in our house.

§ 126. 'There is, there are' is rendered by the Loca- tive with j3 jlj ' j3 Jj) var dîr, yoq dour (§ 76). But onda

^'ar, lende var, denote possession; as: Uvde bir at var There is a horse in the house. But Bende bir at var I have a horse. In the first sentence it expresses location and in the second possession.

§ 126a. Hal JU Present.

*Ji jij İJ ^ J^ j\j »Alj hMim var dîr, })4nd4 var dtr,

'jijlj »i^ * J^ j\j »J^ sMü var dîr, sindi var dîr,

'jijlj »liiji *j^j\j »J^ji onoufi var dîr, onda var dîr,

->^jb fjî *J-> Jb ••>J'. hizim var dîr, bizde var dîr,

*->^ JİJ -^J- ' j-> J\j ••>J- 8İZİÜ var dîr, sizdi var dîr, '^^Jh ^^'»j\* J^ j\j »^^'jl onîarîn var dîr, onlarda var dîr^

I have, thou hast, he has a — etc.

The Negative Form.

jjjji Xi^ * JJ^^ji »-^^ hinim yoqdour, bindi yoqdour» I have not a — etc.

§ 126b. MaziJ^l, Past (Preterite).

' ^M j\j ^ ^ (JJj\ j\j »JÛ4 benim var îdî, bindi var îdU 'm j\j diL- * (ijül J\j oJJL- siniü var îdî, sindi var îdL ^^\ jij »UL'ji * (iJj\ jij »jJj\ onoufi var îdî, onda var îdî.

64 V i^j3 Lesson 7. ^\

* iSM j\j pj: * (i-J^i jb ••> J: &i-8fiw var îdîj hizd^ var îdh

' ^SM jb -^J- * (iJ^i Jb »^J- sî^-s^i^ t*ar idh sizde var îdi,

, (iJüıi jij i)J^j\ * (i-4\ jb »^J^Jİ onlarîn var idî, onlarda var id\ 1 had, thou hadst, he had a — ete.

The Negative Form. * (İJü\ J jj JLj or tS^^jı jAi ö^«iw 2/03' idi or -yoghoudou^

-. (İJüi Jjj ©JJj or iS-^x ••^ &^wd^ yog' idi or -yoghoudou, I had not a — ete.

The Interrogative Forms.

? jju* jb /^. <^ j.v>.>»jj jo o^wiw ı?ar' midir? benim yoq moudour

? (İJu* j\j oJû- or ? (iJü\ ^^ jb s^w<î^ t?a»*' mîyîdî? or î?ar' w* td» Have la — ? Have I not a — ? hadst thou not a — ? et(

2. The verb To Hate with a Definite Object.

§ 127. When the object of the verb. To Have i •definite, it is rendered in Tm'kish by the substantiv

verb j3 dîr (§ 118).

§ 128. The order of the construction is this: firs €omes the object, then the subject, and the verb i the third place.

§ 129. This is a general rule in the Ottomai Turkish language. In every case when the objec is indefinite, the subject comes first; and whe: the object is definite the object comes first; Ex.

J-> jb r^.^^^. iTi henim hir kitabîm' var dîr I have a book. j^ ojjj ^J\:^ kitab bindi' dîr I have the book.

In the first instance the object (a book) is indefinite therefore the subject comes first; in the second th object (the book) is definite, therefore the object come first and the subject follows it.

§ 130. RemarTcs: The English Conjunction but i expressed either by putting the Arabic words Ul ' ^^i

JaS em -ma or am' ma, lakin, faqat or the Turkish »3 i'Se de, all meaning ^but' (§ 239, 476); as:

10 The verb To Havk. 65

param var amma az dîr; param var lakin J3 j\ »3 4-İİ j\j ^»jL

az dîr; param var faqat az dîr; param var isi dd az dîr I have but a little money.

§ 131. '^Any" is expressed in Turkish in two ways:

one by p. ^a hich, and the other without using that word, but by simply using the object of the verb (§ 188); as:

Have you any bread? ? ^ j\j ^tXS^\ »X- ? jJu* j\j ^XS\ tt-a ©jû- He has not any money jj5jj is^^j\ *^*j\ ^^-^yL o-ok 7^ *-^j\

§ 132. *'Not any, not at all" is expressed by »c-a hich,

j^ Ai^i- J^ J$^i JJİ 7^ i jJİjj (^-»j'j 7^ /i*c^ para»» yog-

dour; hich i-yi diyil choq hasta d\r. He has not any money; He is not at all well: he is very Bİck.

§ 133. "How many?" is expressed by ^\; ciacli? (§ 174). Ex.: ^

How many piastres have you? ? J^ jij »^J^ r^ How many books has he? ?J^ jij «i^^r^

§ 134. ''How much?" is expressed by joli ' jJİÂi ote qadar? (§ 179); as:

How much sugar have you? ? j\j ^^t jj3-u

How much bread have we? ? j\j \^S^\ jj3<I

§ 135. "Some" is expressed by 3U 6^V a-e 'a little,

a small piece of anything', in reference to inanimate objects (§ 182); as:

*-^*^J^^. ^*^ az dkmdk some bread.

But in reference to animate objects ^«j ia^i, ^ x bir qach is used (§181); as:

^^\ fjamt hazi adimUr some people.

^jji\ 7:^ J», bir qach' iffindiUr some gentlemen.

J^\j^ (>a« ha'zi hayvanlar some animals.

§ 136. ^'Both" is rendered by p. A /^ hem — hem (§ 469); as: T \

I have both bread and salt. j\j jj^ a j ^J^\ a «AJ

My aunt has both paper and pen. j3 j\j ,jJ» aj cİ-Xpö >t »Ü*<)li. Turkish Cony.-Grammar. 6

66 V cr-J> Lesson 7. "I^

§ 137. "Either ... or ..." is rendered by p. 1 1 ya-ya- ; "Neither . . . nor . . ." is rendered by A» Âi ne--ne (§472); as:

I have neither bread nor salt, j^ 4J j\j ^iXS^ -u »Xj You have either pen or paper. Js^^l j\j fi L »jlI-

§ 137 a. Hal JU Present.

ji oXj b^ndS dir, j3. o^Jî bizdd dir,

ji ©jJL- s^ndd dwy j3 ©jj*- sizdi dir,

J i ©jjjl o«ia dir. J i '«^^j\ onlarda dîr,

I have the — , thou hast the — , he has the — etc^

Negative Form.

jjjfi ojûj ' J JJS^ » Jû- ' jJ^ »Xj\ binde deyil dir, sinde diyil dir, onda diyil dir etc. I have not the — etc.

§ 137 b. Jlfa^i^U Past (Preterite).

(İJü\ ©Xi bindi idi, (SJ^\ ©^Ji bizdi idi^

(iJuii ©jû- sindi idi, (İJjİ ©^j- sizdi idi,

(İJü\ öJü'ji onda idi. ıSsA o^^j\ onlarda idi,

1 had the — , thou hadst the — , he had the — etc.

Negative Form.

(İJüi J$^ ©JÛİ * isM J$^ ©JÛ- ' (iJül J$^ ©Jüjl &<?»d^ d<?^tZ tdt, s^nd^ diyu tdt, owda d^yiZ tdi etc. I had not the — etc.

Examples.

J. .,Jj\ ^LiTi J. ©JÛ- ^liTi J. ©X ^^^Iha^vethebook

? jx. ©Xji ^.liTvjx- ©X. ^l:r?jx. ©Xj ^liT \7o\?e?c^*

? c^Ju* J$\i ©jij- ^^\:!^ Icitab sizdi diyil miyidi? Did you not have

the book? etc.

JCiJ Words.

Hi ilma apple <j«öj15 qa-yi-st apricot

^y»j\ armoud pear p. Jbii. shef-td-li peach

»iAj jl ^-rifc plum rjjj\ û'ZÛm grapes

^Y The verb To Have. 67

j\J^r kiraz cherries . ., | r^wl?""'""".!^

f. A^j { fishne) the morella

öjty qoyoun sheep * I cherry (Slavonic)

ö(y^ choban shepherd ^' ^^S'^J'r Portouqal oranges

^^r Ji youmouHa egg ^- oj^ ^*^^ ^«^^^^

aTji- strfc^ vinegar ^- cH^"^^ pafaii^s potato

w^Ou piy-nir cheese f- ur'^>^ tomatis tomato

f. ^iluT^A^f an^ chestnuts [Gr.] ^^1©^ ^^r^ya^M butter. ^,

\r JU> 'Exercise 18.

^} '<iXj\' 3^^jT ' HI : J3 jlj >\^î Jj>- o^> A^l N I.

^1* fl>- : (iaJ jlj ^jy. JiijI dUlp i • ^j3 jlj ^)a,\lS" ^Jt-^"^ • <i^' ->*-> ^j-^ -^ J^Jj> ' JbÜ ^^^ • c5-J;f ji (^j3jI

•(^Jlil jlj dU-^ y dX*l) fiJ5 iJ,>- 5^0^ jb dU-:>- J ö^jtî

•^IT ^ ^ . jjJ^^ 0^ oJ^As^yf- ' JJllfS dJUb djl ? ^ jh ftjl

* Student must practice using both the Locative and Geni- tive forms (§§ 119, 122).

6*

68 V u^j^ Lesson 7. lA

jUjpy oS ^"^ ? j-J^ ö^^-* *^^ ^ ^ • j^ jb jî ^ j'j ^fe^ ^

jCju ^ ® • J3 ©JİMi- Â^j\^J J^Jv«j» ^ ^ • J3 •JGIi4>- w—St

\ i 4;?- J ^Translation 14.

I. 1. I have an apple; thou hast some cherries; he has the oranges. 2. My brother has the dog; your aunt has a cat; they have three horses. 3. How much, money have you? — I have seventeen piasters. 4. Hav& you any sugar? — No, Sir, I have not any. 5. I hadL no pen. I had the pen. I had not the pen. 6. Giv^ me some bread and grapes. — Have you any breadL and grapes? 7. How many children has your grand — son? — He has two children; one a boy, the othe: a girl.

n. 8. Have I a dog? — Yes, Sir, you have a dog, and my brother has a horse. 9. Has he the pen? — No, Sir, he has no pen. 10. Where is your book? — It is at my uncle's. 11. Who has my money? — I havö your money. 12. Is there any servant in the kitchen? Is the servant in the kitchen? 13. The servant is ia the kitchen. There is a servant in the kitchen. 14. Who has the pen and the paper? — Your father had the pen and I have the paper. 15. Are there any eggs? Yes, Sir, there are plenty of them.

aII^ Conyersation.

Mat-bakhda n6 var? Bir az tomat^s v6 patates yar.

Sizin birader nasîl dîr? Hich 6-yi d^yii, choq hasta Sîr.

Onoun atî kimd^ dir? Babam gild^ dir.

Güzel qoush qardashiuda mî? Khayr, chojoughoun qafasind^

dir. Qafesd^ n^ var? Bir yeshil, bir siyah ve bir b^ya^

qoush var. Ekmök s^nde mi dir? Khayr, ^km^k b^nd^ d^yii dir-

1 See the Note page 67.

M

I

j:.

n^ The Pronouns. 69

A ,^^ı> Lesson 8.

C>\i^ The Pronouns. (Continued.)

3. Adjeetlyal Pronoun. ı^j j^

§ 138. The Adjectival Pronominal affix is the word

f M, signifying 'the — which, that which',

according as it is a noun or an adjective. It is attached to nouns and pronouns in two ways ; by putting them either in the Genitive or in the Locative case.

§ 139. In the first instance it is used always like a substantive, and signifies 'that which belongs to'. In the second case, it is sometimes used substantively and signifying 'that which exists': when it is at- tached to a substantive, it is an adjective, signifying *the — which exists'. Ex.:

Ijl* hdba father; *^Ij1j hdbanifi of the father: .xJCillj ^ahaniü'Ui that or the one which belongs to the father.

•^lili babada in the father; ^•^\t\i babadaki that or the one which exists in (the possession of) the father.

5»Alj &^nd^/^ that which I have, or is in my possession.

§ 140. The separate possessive pronouns corres- ponding to those of the English language are formed in the first way; as:

^^ benimki, ^5^-- sMifiki^ j3Cjjl onouüki mine, thine, his. i^V. bizimki, JS^ sizinki, J^j\ onlarınki i *^"hlirV"^^'

Both of these forms, when used as substantives,

We plurals and declensions as usual; but the last (^ IS eliminated, retaining the sound i (§ 99).

Note. S^'ki never varies in pronunciation for the sake of euphony (§ 54).

70

A cr-J-> l-esson 8.

V*

Declension of -ki with the Genitive preceding.

N. ,X^ hinimki

G. dl:;>*Jj MniiYikinin of

•

D. K^^j^ b^nimkinS to A. (5^^ bSnimJcini

Jj. ojûC^j benimkinde in

A. o^^^-^*-^ benimkindSnîrom

V C

J^4^. ^^^^''^kiUr il^^l^wlj binimkilMn of pj^f^ bhiimkilM to iSj^^^ benimkiliri •i^^yliCjj benimkiUrdi in ^j ^^^l^Jj binimkilird&n from

c S

>o

s

Declension of -fei with the Locative preceding.

N. X»jûı bindikt

G. dUrTjû bcndmnin' of

D. <l5^jûi bindekini' to

A. ^5^-*^. bendekini'

L. o-U^Tjûj bende kinde ' in

A, oJ^^-J^ bindikindinfrom

i IS^jÛj bindikiUr

I iljifîjûi UndikilMfi of W3 0 iSo JÛJ bindekiUri' to

5 t^ JlTTjû bindikiUn

^. o irTjû bhidikiUrdf in

^ >• • .

a Û Vr*-'^. bSndekUerden from

Û s

5

Examples.

«Dlİ4»-\^ hojanîü' of the teacher. ^^iC'4>.ij>. ^c^/antnjti tha^ of the teacher. ^I^X<».\j>- hojanîûkiUr those of the teacher. jrx«^<».\j>. hojalarîmîüki those of my teachers.

qaUmim mi var^ yokh'sa hojalarîmînki mi var? have you my pen or that of my teachers?

Jl^S^jT^l^ »3 <î j\j >iU3 diL- <: ©JÛJ &^n(i^ nd 8Snif^'

qaUmifl var, ni di hojanîzîükiUr I have neither your pen, nor those of your teacher.

©jL j^jû- sendeki para the money you have.

u^y ^^S^ t\^Ji qardasMm gildiki qoush the bird whicb

is at my brother's.

Bah'jedeki aghajlar the trees which are in thegarden- E'vdikiler those at the house. Shimdiki the present. Soüraki the latter. Evvelki the former.

4. DemoBstrative Pronouns* vIjjUi ^\ § 141. The Demonstrative Pronouns are:

ji bou used for things which are near the speaker, This.

y%

The PFonouns.

71

^}jL ' jt shou, shol used for things which are near the person

spoken to, This. Jj\ ' j\ 0, ol » » » » are some distance off,

That (yonder), i.) ish'hau This present (person or thing).

:l

§ 142. The Demonstratives when they modify

a noun, are regarded as adjectives. yJL\ ' Jjl ' J^ are

used only as adjectives, and they never undergo any change.

Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns.

Singular ^ JL« MufreS

J» bot$ this

N. G. D. A. L. A.

jt shou this

»Jlij

Jxmnoufi of this houfia to this hounou this houfida in this houndan from this.

^y^ shounoufi of this IT^ ahouna to this (i^ shounou this

•Jü J;, shounda in this

• &

(j^y

shoundan from this.

2

3

•^'Jî ^w>^'ji '^^'ji o^^ji •^ji ^J^j^ 9^^jt ^^Jljt bounlar, -İÜ, -a, ... shounlar, -in, -a, . . . Note, The declension of ji o that, is the same as that of the third person of the f*ersonal Pronoun, page 47.

§ 143. Other Demonstratives:

j^<Lji*<]ij^ heby'U^ bebyUsi' such, such as this.

,^<Ly- * <li^ sheby'Uy shedyUsi' » » as this.

(^<'j j\ * <Lij\ edij'Uy ebyUsi' » » asthat.

§ 144. Adverbial Demonstratives:

bji boura here, this place (contracted from \j\j\)'

bji «^otiTa' here, this or that place ( » » bi^)-

bj\ ora there, that place (» » b^jl)-

•J ni'ri where? what place (» . » bi-v)»

72 A crji Lesson 8. vr

Examples.

o^\jj\* û^\jj^^ ö^\jj>. from here, from there.

»^\jj\* »^[jjt^ 9^\jji here, in this spot; there.

•jüjT^^. <Jij^ h^yU hir gûndS on such a day.

OJ^^T ^. c^^ji h^yUsi hir ademdin from such a man.

Jj».^ ^, yj^ iS^*^j\ SbyUsi h^tu hir chojouq such a bad boy-

oJ^Jû5\ Jy« $/io2 iffândid4n from that gentleman.

•jjji di;\S Jj\ oZ xraiifl ipindi in the house of that

gentleman.

5. Reflexive Pronouns. «CJii^U^^

§ 145. The English words myself, himself, yourself etc. are termed Reflexive Pronouns, when they represent the same person as the subject or the nominative. They are expressed in Turkish by the

pronoun (^Jio kindi:

I myself ^X5^^>. hin kindim.

Myself ^Jû5^ İçindim.

Thou thyself ÛxS^ ^ sân hSnditi,

Thyself iJx5^ kindin.

He himself j^X5^ji o' hindisi.

Himself ^J.^xS^ kindisi'.

We ourselves J^-^^ J*. ^^^' kindimiz.

Ourselves Ji^^ kindimiz'.

You yourselves j^jûS^j^ siz' kindifiiz.

Yourselves J>^xS^ kindifiiz*. They themselves ;^JLjû5^^j\ onlar kindiliri.

Themselves ti^L jû^ kindiliri '.

Also: ^^^XS^ iSXS^' ilxT't^Ju^' (►jJLîT^t^JûS^I myself... (ijijjj.5^(ijû5^* j5^jû5^;^jl:5^* jtxr^(iJû5^ We ourselves..-

§ 146. The English word ''own" is also expressed by ^X^\ as:

vr The Pronouns. IB

Myownbook pj \:S^ {SXS^ ^t h4nim Teindi kitabim ,

With his own hand -JLi Ji {SXS^ kendi 4li iU,

§ 147. Kendi is usually employed after the sub- ject to emphasize it, or to limit or specialize the meaning; as:

Bidros kindi' bashînt yiyqayor Jji^^^ J^lj (SXS^ u-JJ-^ Peter is washing his own head.

Bidros onoufC bashînî yiyqayor JyS^, ti-^ ^j\ u^jj-^,

Peter is washing his head, denotes another person's head.

EffMdikindf odasında dir The master is in his own room. Effendi onoufi' odasinda dir The master is in his room (some one else's).

JeU! Words. Ûst lash Jll w— jl Apparel.

a. ^\y\ iscab clothes f. Ljj rouba clothes [It.]

f. j^lil, pantalon pants f. o^~^ fistan gown [Gr.]

v-lLjT' gSbmlik shirt f j - miso petticoat [Gr.]

Jjijcjl icK donou drawsers f. -ûilt shapqa hat {Slav.]

t5jî- sitri frock-coat f. (jJlX baston stick, cane [It.]

iUj yiUk waistcoat <^5^ kisi purse

j\iJ\ astar lining <*5j3 duy mi button

ojjjJl ildivin gloves o^ choitqa broad cloth

a. Jijût mindil handkerchief <«.^lj basma' print, calico

jl^ bichaq knife ^j>^^\ ekmikji baker. Pro^. Nouns ^-Â-jj yousouf Joseph. Ai^l Ahmid.

\ 0 jg\ii^ Exercise 15.

74 A u-J-> Lesson 8. W

\^ 4U-J Translation 16.

1. Of that; those of that; those of those [men]. 2. That which is in this; that which is there; that which is here. 3. Have you our coats or those of our neighbours? — I have not your coats; I have those of my father. 4. That of my sister; those of my mother; from those of my uncle. 5. The oxen which are here; the cows which are there. 6. These houses are large; that house is little; from that house. 7. Where are my overshoes, and where are those of my aunt? 8. Yours are here and those of your aunt are there. 9. To yourself; from himself; in ourselves. 10. Mv mother is in her garden; my sister is in her house; my sister is in his house. 11. My own cane; his own book; in his own room.

aIIS^ Conrersation.

1 All sentences enclosed by quotation marks are either idiomatic sayings or proverbs.

¥• The Adjective. 75

• Ji »JÛ- Aİaji (İJLİ3 ? Ji «i*^* ji»- {Sj^

. J^ «J^ *l»j\ »^*j\ ? J^ •^•^* J^ »jJij

^ u^^ Lesson 9.

oi^ The Adjective.

§ 148. The Turkish adjective whether used as a predicate or as an attribute, remains unchanged, as in English (§ 79):

j3 £j»^^j\ ^v kûchûk dûr the house is little. ^^1 ^. ^jtji hebyuk bir ad^m a great man. ji JJU» Jll\ almalar tatlî dîr the apples are sweet. JLii\ ^jlji hebyuk adimlir the great men.

The Derivative Adjective. § 149. The derivative adjective which is called

in Turkish wj^*-^ ^^ S is made by the addition of the following particles to the nouns.

§ 150. I. <^ ' y -M, -Îİ, 'lou indicates possession of the thing designated by the noun; as:

y,o SOU water, J^^ soulou watery, fluid.

j',y^r place, J^ yMi fixed in a place; native.

j\ 4v house, tij\ Soli that has a house; married.

vii\ at horse, j^^ * J*' öti^*7 atlou horseman, a. viijfc izzet honour, j^J^ iz'zitlou honorable.

§ 151. With the proper names of men or places, the same affix indicates a native or an inhabitant of those places or connexion of those persons; as:

lij^«\ AmSriqay tili^l Amiriqali American. ^ Is mi Minsoub Noun (or adjective) of relationship.

76 ^ ltJ^ lesson 9. V"^

oLifr Oswaw^LJc* j;L.*c Osmanlî Ottoman. IS^J Turkiya i^^J Turkiydli an inhab. of Turkey, Tur H

öyt^y M^rzifoun Jj^\/» MSrzifounlou a native of Merzifon^

§ 152. The names of some European nations air" formed differently, as they were introduced by the Vene tians or Genoese; as:

JaI^IjI ingiliz Englishman. Jtj^ jmiüt-? Genoese ;Romarr

j«J\^3 fr ansız Frenchman. J^L-\ ispanyol Spaniard.

Oct n^mtse, nSmch^ Austrian. û^^ talyan Italian.

cij5-j* wosgof RnssisLu; Muscovite. *Hl>.4jL5 fiUm^ng' Dutch.

§ 153. II. 4>. -je added to the names of nations forms the names of their languages; as:

oHl alman a German: <>eJllT ahnanja the German language. d}y * iJjj"» tiirk Turk : <îîtO ^^rkje the Turkish language. ^^*j\ irmini Armenian: <»c^ol irm4nij4 the Armenian language

§ 154. 4>. -Je if added to nouns (except the names of nations), expresses relation; as:

<?cili miVUtji national. <».j\ ivj4 household.

*^A..J^ kilise j e ecclesiastical. -ü»cjLJ lisanja linguistic.

§ 155. III. A>. 'Je added to the adjectives ani

nouns forms the Diminutive, expressing rather, some- what, slightly, -ish; as:

A^\j^ liayvanja brutal. k»s}j>'j»- chojouqja childish. <»&^L) h^yazja whitish. ^V^ qolayja rather easy.

§ 156. j>. Î dU -jtq, jik; -Jaq, -Jek, jûk. This is a modification of the above form, dictated by the

principal of euphony (§ 52). If the word ends in J

or il these letters are omitted; as:

^J>•<^Ji qisajiq rather short. ^L j jT^ gûzSljik he&utifu\ little thing. ^3!»-lj\ azajiq just a little. *^-^i^. hirijik only (begotten). A/'Ji yow'wroM globular; tumour: J^-J^ji youmroujaq the pl&gae.

yy The Adjective. 77

^jljt bSbyûk: ^iXa^yj» hebyûjSk rather large. ^y»-^ kûchûk: ^tSa^y^^ kûchûj^k, "jûk smallish, tiny.

§ 157. IV. ^ 'Ji, 'JÎ, 'Jou added to a noun

indicates the individual who exercises a trade or calling connected with the first noun; as:

^?Os.S\ Skm^kji baker ^Jj^^y iufenk'ji gun maker.

fj^ya soujou water seller <^J^ hSkmSzji treacle seller.

§ 158. ^ 'ji is also used for making adjectives

or nouns designating persons who practise something expressed by the noun to which it is appended; as:

,jş».lci douvajî who prays. ij!^^^. yalanji^ chi liar.

j^».\ü * (^-uLkl shaqajij latif Sji joker, storyteller.

§ 159. V. JÎ ' dl! 'liq, -lik added to a noun,

denotes a condition, nature or quality of the thing denoted by the original noun; as:

"^^p^ gSjilik (night) gown. ^t^^ gûnlûk daily (pay).

^3^*J\ Ofdouq a coin of ten paras. jILj yitUq yearly (pay).

*^3ji yüzlük a coin of 100 paras. ^j\\:^Vpantalonlouc[ (stuff for) pan-

^,,/ talons.

^-UXj oeylik belonging to the state, government.

îırroi adatnliq yimdk. Food suflBlcient for 20 persons.

§ 160. VI. y» '8ÎZ, '8İZ, satiz, is a privative

adjectival suflBx, meaning without, void of, lacking, free from, -less; as:

J-ojl parasî-er moneyless. J-J\ itsiz fleshless, thin.

. , xu- i • • vûz'sûz who has no face:

^^ sousou^ waterless, thirsty. ^j^^ ^ shameless.

vT^ji yo/sow<î roadless; impolite, j-il^ sa^/isi-gr unhealthy, weakly.

Derivative Nouns.

§ 161. Derivative nouns are made by the addition of the following particles to the nouns; as:

§ 162. I. jl ' dl! 'liq, -lik. Joined to nouns

it expresses a place peculiar to the thing named, or a place where it abounds; as:

78 ^ ^ji Lesson 9. VA

jj»>jjl paboujlouq the place where the slippers or boots are left. ^*9.lc.l aghajliq, aghachUq a place where the trees abound. t^jy^ 'kebmûflvk a place where coal is deposited.

jii^lL iasWiq a place where stone abounds, stony; stone-pit.

§ 163. This -Mfc, 'liq added to an adjective, forms its abstract noun; as:

jiLJo qtzil'Uq redness; rouge. *i\Ijii ' dlLjl iyilik kindness. J%r^ ''thlÖod.'"'*^'''"''''' ' ^-i f-9>rlik poverty.

§ 164. Names of trades or professions are also formed by adding Mfc, lîq to the words denoting the persons who exercise them. Ex.:

*lAL»cx*.^ ilcm4kj%lik the occupation of a baker.

jL?&i\ ashjtUq the occupation of a cook, cooking.

§ 165. II. J-b ' J^t -dashy -tash a fellow, a companion.

J-\^^\ ad' dashj adash nmneBake. J- \ jit L t/as^ela^/^ of the same ag&.

^l-xlijld * [J-'\J^^ ' uri-^J^ (/artwf?as^,garda*/t (womb-fellow) a brother^

ij-l:^ bSg'tashf higdash the fellow of a prince.

i^boj\ arqadash companion, comrade.

^Iju-ji * ^\jJû^ dersdashy stntfdash a class-mate.

§ 166. m. j>. ' dU Î ji>. ' fZ^-Jiq, -Jik\ 'Jighaz^

'jiyez. Diminutive nouns are made by the additiorr^ of these particles to the nouns.

»lA»-j\ *j^jl 'j;».jl evjik, ivjiyez^ iojXghaz a little house.

^y^\::S^ kitahjiq booklet. j>-<Lj\ odajiq a little room.

§ 167. Some Diminutives are terms of endear" - ment; as:

j>-l*lj * ji».Uj habajiq, habajighaz papa.

j>-l;\ *j;l».1;\ * jx>.<:J\ anajtq, anajıglıaz, ann^iySz mama.

Jİ».Ja3 qizjtghaz poor little girl.

v^

. The Adjective.

79^

JCİÎ Words.

Mühletler J±# Nations Shehirler J^ Cities

J^'li-1 istamhol Constantinople. *i\j jjj vinedik Venice. A4jXS^\ iskindiriyS Alexandria.

a. y^^ a rah Arab. jjT^ Icurd Kurd. ^j^^ chirkis Circassian.

^S^j\ arnavoud Albanian, ^^^.^jm mounjousoun VoninsSi^

a. Mb- ajem Persian. ^jj roum Greek. jU 'jUljj bouVghar Bulgarian.

i>»* chin China. jl^'jLL majar Hungarian.

j^ujl izmir Smyrna. ^.JL haî^b Aleppo. (^ji qoudous Jerusalem. Jl>^5^ girid Crete.

-Clj viyana Vienna.

§ 168. Note. Surnames are formed in Turkish by

adding \lj\ oghlou to the name of the father, family and often to the name of the trade or occupation; as:

(lift Ipjl y..>. Hasan oghlmi Ali, Ali the son of Hassan,

'^^ (i^-^' Jî^^ ^«2/%^ oghlou Ahmed, But for the dig- nitaries p. o^lj ^ade is used; as: o^lj ^^ J^^ Kemal Pasha zade, son of Kemal Pasha. (§ 668,* mte).

I cyiebi a non -Moslem gen-

^ flomçın

tleman. mÛ8Û Gentleman (Mon- sieur) [Fr.].

**^tö| ^^Tia/* artisan, trademan.

■Jr*j^

a. j^i ^jn4bi a foreigner. a.jUicJ tufjar merchant, a. Jic fl-gîZ sense, wisdom.

a. c^ sanat vulg. zhiahat art, a. ^> ö/ıanft stranger, poor.

a. olki shiytan Satan.

craft. ^•jlj»- chizar Caesar.

J»^"U «atar he sells.

^ ÜÜO dûk'kian shop.

NV

^

jll yapar he makes, a. jCSi baq'qal grocer.

Exercise 17.

1. JojJü^ ' ^f^y, ' Jîj» ji ' ^J^ ' 2. A Constan- ^^^^opolitan, a native of Amassia, of Smyrna, of Aleppo^

so ^ j^ji Lesson 9. A*

of Alexandria, of Japan, of China, of Montenegro, of Pontusa, of Jerusalem ; a Viennese, a Cretan, a Hungarian, a Roman. 3. The Kurdish, German, Circassian, Italian, Arabian, Albanian, Persian, Greek, Bulgarian, Armenian

languages; Chinese, Turkish. 4. a^jj ' apcI»^ ' a^cTCJL:*

A^eJ^C» ' 4.^3İ ' A^^sil-p . 5. Pertaining to the country, trade,

craft, artisan, wisdom; deviUsh. 6. Slightly sweet; quite well; coldish; rather warm; rather high; fleshy. 7. A stationer; a mender of old things; mule-driver, donkey- driver, horse-rider. 8. One who sells oil; who keeps a vineyard, a garden; one who sells bread, coffee, sugar, tomatoes, potatoes, milk, tobacco. 9. Stuff for a cloak, shirt, girdle, shoe, handkerchief. 10. Ten paras' worth; 1000 piastres' worth; 500 piastres* worth; a piastres' worth; one para's worth; changes [small pieces of money] (smallness). 11. Without house, horse, books, donkey, coffee, tea; coffee without milk, coffee with milk. 12. Rather white, black, high, much, pretty, well. 13. Humanity; height; blackness; the profession of a teacher, cooking; boatmanship. 14. Fellow-traveller; co-religionist; sharer of the same room. 15. Beautiful little hands; a little pen; my dear grandmother.

N A ^r^ Exercise 18.

'• ->^ (r c§^' A>. <^-^3j' j-^ ^ • j^ j^Cj (^jU JL^ ^j^\

o^ ^^11 dAJL«ll J j<-«lv) • j-x^JL>- j^^*- <c*^ iS^^ • J*^^'ji ^J[clerk] dL^jl j) ^ • ^JJ^i* o^\l^\ ^/^ • cS-J^' c5^J^

er

At The Adjective. 81

«

^^ A^-J? Translation 19.

1. Do you know French? — No, Sir, I know a little English» 2. I am a Constantinopolitan; I know Turkish well. 3. What does that shopkeeper sell? — He sells to the villagers and citizens grapes, sugar, coffee; there are many such shops and shopkeepers in the villages and cities. 4. 0 grocer! give me 20 paras' worth of ^ bread, 10 paras' worth of cheese, 15 paras' worth of grapes and 2 piastres' worth of sugar. 5. Give me five piastres' worth of paper; this paper is rather yellow.

6. Where is the salt-cellar? — It is here (bourada).

7. There is no coal in the coal-seller's shop, the trade of coaling is not a clean one. 8. '^Art thou moneyless? thou art friendless". 9. You are a very wise man; you have sense, but your servant is a fool (without sense). 10. Who is this cheesemonger and who is that iron- monger? — They are my friends.

aII^ Conreraallon*

Turkish Conv.-Grammar. 6

82 ) • u^j^ Lesson 10.

^ * u^t> Lesson 10.

tl>ll:^ The Pronouns. (Continued.)

6. Interrogative Pronouns. ^^\fi^^ j^ § 169. The Interrogative Pronouns are the folic

ing. [The Interrogative sign j^ -mi is never us( with them.]

§ 170. jT kirn? who? whoever?

This is applied to persons, and is declined aloi and with possessive aflSxes.

? i>- X^cr' ^^** ^^^ ^***-^ ^^^ ^'' thou? ? j\ /^j\ ? j\ /^? j\ ji J^kim dir o? kim o? o kim o? who is i

§ 171. Sometimes when there is no question, kh expresses the meaning of ^some'.

(SX^ fj^-f^ iS-i^ ij>-^kimi gdldi kimi gitdif some came others wei

? j\j u^^^ w^b *^-«-^? j\J f^f^ kimim var? kimin' var? kimt va

whom have I? whom hast thou? whom has h ^JJi is^^*"-*^ kimsisi yoq he has nobody.

? ^ijf^ kimifiki' ? whose?

§ 172. Ai ne? How? (with adjectives); wha

(with nouns).

It is applied to inanimate object and is declin( alone and with possessives.

? ji <î ? j\ J^ <î ni' 0? ni' dir o? What is it? ? j^-,.Â-j\ <j* ni isUrsifiiz? What do you want?

nM? nin? nisi'? nimiz? nitiiz? niliri?

Nim' var? nifC var? nisi' var? What have I? W^hat hast tho

What has he?

Nimiz' dir? neniz' dir? What thing, part or belonging to i

to you, is it?

? 0İ4J = ojj nidi'? at or in what?

Ar The Pronouns. ' 83

? dUi<; ne'dimSlc? What does it mean? J<; = JU niler! What things! What wonderful things! ? oyKA<\ = oy^ ni'ichin? ntchoun? ni'chin? For what? Why?

§ 173. ? jCU ? JjS' hangi? hanghi? Which?

It is appUed to persons and to inanimate objects without distinctions. It may be used either alone or with possessives, and is declined:

? ^^\a han'gîsî? Which? ? j^^i^U hangimiz? Which of us? ? j5^U hangiMz? Which of you? ? c^Jl^U hangUari? Which of them? ? oX..5^U ? dU-J^U ? ,^J^U Which? of — ? from — ? 'i<:^\:S^^^\A hangi Utah? Which book? ?fM5JU Which man?

§ 174. ?^S gacft? How many?

It is applied to pronouns and to inanimate objects, and may be used either alone or with possessives, and it is declined:

?J*^İ3 ? j5C>-l3 ? ^j>^\»qa'chîmiz? qacMniz? qa'chi? How many ** . * of us, of you, of them?

? ojü^^^lS qach' gûndd? In how many days?

? oJû».İ3 d\i\ ayifi qachxnda? On what (day) of the mouth?

§ 175. ?J^ nasil? How? What sort of a thing? What kind?

? jSC- J^î wa'si2 sAfiiz? How are you? ?ji o\ ^. J^' na'stZ 5ir adim dir? What sort of a person is he? <«jİ J^' jA Mr nasU isi In whatever way it may be.

§ 176. "lAp^niJi? What kind? How?

? jx«i\ A?c-J r^\ j\ ^ou adim nij i adimdir? What kind of a man ^ " ^ ' is this (man)?

?jaa.lc.\ <3eJ r^Tjj What sort of a tree is this (tree)?

§ 177. It is also used indefinitely: it then means how much? how many?

^ Qanghi is the old form, now it is obsolete.

6*

84 f ♦ u^j^ Lesson 10. A%.

jA*di <^ niche or mjS dS falar! How many times!

i)iAj<yJ nijiyi'dilc? nichiyi'dSk! Till how many times I

^<ş:J *^^\ 4s^ nijHir? nichilir? mchS adSmUr? How many

peoples?

7. Indefinite Pronouns. ^^ jui> The Indefinite Pronouns are:

§ 178. Ai...^^' jL...,^kini8e,kifnâ8nesinyhodj,

These are applied to persons only, and are declined alone and with possessives.

^JfJ\J A--,*-S^^. •^\jj\ orada bir himsi var mî? Is there anybody

there? Jjj <L«..»J^' J jj K^^^S^ kim' si yoqj ki'misni yoq. There is nobody.

^^-u..*^ kimsesiz' without anybody, without patron;

friendless.

§ 179. jj5 qadar.

Expresses quantity or number (§§ 199, 229).

? siUS^ jji <j' nS' qadar ekmik? How much bread?

? ojT'jj^ <î ? jjJ <j* nf qadar? nS' qadar gun? How many d^ys?

J->5 ^j\ * JJ^ jl * JJ^ y» * J-J^ ji So much.

jji ^ *jJ^ »iW<2j 'jj5 viJk^iJj y^^^r qadar, yiUjik' qadar, yi-

tishijik' qadar So much as will suffice, enough. jSi *lii.\ * jji (^\ ^sfc^fc' gjadar, ayî' qadar As (big) as an ass as a bear.

jJ3 ^yj\ parmaq' qadar As (small as a little) finger.

§ 180. p. ^A her each, every, -soever.

Her is always an adjective and is used with all other indefinite pronouns.

Ai\ ^ ' ^....jf^ y^ * ^jS^^ hir k^8, hir kimai^ Mr âdâm everybody.

<; yt, hir ni' whatsoever, 5^U y hir ha'ng^ whichever ^, ^ ^^^ ^*^ each, every. Jft^. ^ hS/ birimiz every one of us. •■V-^ /i^r' yârdd every where. ^ ^ ^^r' A:im whoever, whosoever.

A» The Pronouns. 85

J^.^J^ j^ her Mmiiiie whoever of you. iSy^ y^ hdr biri every one Of them. f^^A y^ hir ikisi both, each, either.

§ 181. jfj. * a- Jstfo Mr a», bazî some (§ 135). Sazi means a certain number of persons or things.

^^\ jjAw bazi adimUr *^<-.^i^j_^ bazikims^Ur Some people.

p3^ ,^^ * t^u^ fta'^ft dSfa, bazi kirri sometimes.

«i^Uiu 'j^CUui * J**^ bazîmîz, bazîMz, bazUari some of ue,

of you, of them. ^^■^^»■1 ba'zîsi some people, some of them.

§ 182. JBir az expresses a small quantity, a few (§ 135).

jw> j\ ^ * »iU^l j\ ^i bir az ikm^k, bir az sou a little bread, water, ojli j\ y some money; {Sj\ ^j bir azı some of it.

§ 183. ^Sjj Mr qach a few, several (§ 135).

u^jj^ r^^i ^*^ gac/i' ghouroush a few piastres. ^i\ t:^ y bir qach' adim a few persons. Jj\ ûj> r^^ ^*^ gac/i' pwn i^ö'r^î several days ago.

§ 184. djLL\ or AAİ) ' a. ^T * p. fC^ bashqa, (ikher\ diger other, another; as:

ol j^ Aİİ» ' a:T j; ^1 * a:>I j^ ^^3 another man.

<îİj *jlL bashqa' bashqa' separately. Aa^<ktt^ somewhat apart. İ^JaSİ* * ^sJ^ * ^J^,^ bashqalarl, akhirlM^ digirliri others.

§ 185. a. o^ filan a certain (definite or indefinite person or thing), so-and-so.

^^\ o^ filan adem so-and-so, such a one. fj* o"^ filan shey such a such a thing. •X3J ^^ filan' vaqttda at such and such a time.

§ 186. a. lii^* a. J^- i .^kiaffe, JûnUe, hip all:

^It <l^*llc *AJ^ ktaffiyi aUm^ jum'lS alim all the world.

i

86 ♦•ltJ^ Lesson 10. A't

^A^\ *]u3^'^^\ .^ h^.p adimlir^ jimU ödimUr all men. j^jL-A ' Jaaİİ^ ^ jAAİ'b kiaf'f^fniZj jûm'Umis^ hi' pimiz all of us. j^^-jL-A * t^'^* ^^s"^ Maf fisiy jum'Usiy M'pisi all of it.

§ 187. As^%\ ' o^y olanja, bütün whole.

of^ oyy, bulun gun the whole day. L^ oJ>ji hûtûn dünya the whole world. j_^<3cJVj\* *^î«j^ paraniü olanjasi all the money. j^ ^ ^<^'Vj\ olan' jam bou dour this is all I have. A»jlj <Pc*Vj\ all my money. ^^\ oyy, ^^® whole loaf (ace.)

§ 188. ^ Mch nothing, [never] (§§ 131— 132).

(i^j -x-A /iic/i' 6iVi none. <-..»J^j ^-a /iicV 5tr /:tmse nobody. vi^dj ^ 7^ Aic7i' 6ir vac^it not at any time, never.

CJ^^^ Muta-la-at Remarks.

§ 189. a) The EngUsh pronoun one [pi. ones] after an adjective is not expressed in Turkish; as:

Have you the fresh loaf? — No! I have the old one. Taze somoun sende mi? — Kliayr! hayati' bendi dîr. Two old lions and two young ones. The little ones. Iki ikhtiyar ve iki genj arslanlar. KûchûkUr. The great ones of the tvorld. Diinyanifi hibyûkliri.

§ 190. b) Somebody is expressed by Sx' ^s^X hiri, birisi.

Somebody is asking for you. Biri seni chaghMyor. Somebody is knocking at the door. Qapouyou vourouyorlar»

§ 191. c) Each other, one another, are expressed

by p. (JJ<1jS^ ' (Sj,X * fSjxx y^^digeri, birbiri, birbirleri'

They love each other. Birbirini sevSrlir.

We will help each other. Birbirlerimizi yardim' idijiyiz*

You see one another. Yekdigeriflizi gibrûr'sûflûz.

Ji^ Misaller Examples.

Chiftjinin hSyaz qoyounlart Has the farmer the white sheep?

var mi?

Khayr, siyahlar onda dir. No! he has the black ones.

Hojantn h&yuk oghlou bowada Is the teacher's elder son here?

mi dir? ■'''.'

AV

The Pronouns.

87

Khayr i fendim! ol biri' bou-

rada dır. Bou qalemUrifi Mr hangXsl. Hangisini isUrsifiiz? Hangisi oloursa olsoun. Dostlarîmîn hich'birisi icde diyil

idi. N4 onou istifim, ni oVbirini. Ne' var? dirdiü ni'?

No, Sir, that one (= the other)

is here. Either of these pens. Which will you have? Either, whichever it may be. Neither of my friends was at

home. I will have neither. What is the matter?

JCiJ Words.

o

^tA ishji workman. ^j^ * (i^ dolou full, a. ^^f^ jins kind. si.\L-^ '} giy met value, a. İJkfrU ma'da except, p. ^J\t shayird pupil.

v>^i> yetgin ripe. p. ^U. kham unripe. jK^ poufiar fountain.

\j\ ara relation, vi^i-». chift pair. Ju-^i. khîrsîz thief.-

Y '♦ Jui Exercise 20.

<.AijLiuu ^^^^,s^i\ ^o3>jy-# — ? jju-j j^^j^ y, ^

4j^j^ ^^ ! ^ A^il jj^ — \ ^ oü^jl oJ — ^ • j:> (ijD^jl

88 $• u^j> Lesson 10. AA

Y ^ Ajt-j Translation 21.

1. How many lessons have the boys? They have five lessons every day. 2. There are many thieves in these mountains. 3. God is the father of all men. 4. What kind of a young man is he? — He is a man sometimes good, sometimes bad. 5. ''Everjrthing has its time". "Everything has its place". 6. Who were with Mr. Joseph? -- His wife and some of his grandchildren. 7. There were two thieves: one on one side, the other on the other side. 8. Are Mary and Ann here to-day (this day)? — Neither of them is here. 9. Have you any friend in this village? — Yes, several of the rich families in this village are my friends. 10. Has N^jib6 a white rose? — No, but she has a red one. 11. Are there many mosques and churches in this country? — Yes, Sir, every city and village has some churches or mosques.

aI|^ Conyersation.

.jjJLJJ «^

A^

Numeral Adjectives.

89

^ ^ u^^ Lesson 11.

:>\ji^\ ^Iwl Numeral Adjectives.

§ 192. The numerals are of four kinds: Cardinal,.

Fractional, Ordinal and Distributive numbers [*4İİ^I ^lotl

** ^

1. Cardinal numbers. Adadî asliye.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 20 21

6tr

f

30

Jyj\

otous

t-H-i

r

40

j^

qlrq

t2c^

r

50

J>

el'li

•

debrt

•u

60

j-^'\

altmish

besh

0

70

yetmish

altî

1

80

ûL<l

seksen

yedi

V

90

ûLi].

daqsan

sekiz

A

100

-^^.

yue

doqouz

*\

200

-İJİ^^

iki yûz

on

f •

300

3.nt->i

ûch yûz

on bir

M

1000

•M

bin

on i'ki

\r

10000

iL; ÜJİ

on bifl

on ûch

ir

100000

^:;3^.

yûz bin

yirmi

r*

million

«j^

milyon

yirmi bir

n

milliard

jLU

milyar

o*

A*

$ • • • •

jj^aL^ (Sil Jjt Jj*^ ^ ^iX^jZ^iJ- <ı- ji

Bou sSne Kristosoun biü doqouz yûz iki sinesi dır This is the year 1902 (of Christ). A. D.

Hijretin bifi ûch yûz yirmi sinişindi • Jıl-<1«. uf^^L ^.^-^^ '^ wLt^^ca

In the 1320th year of the Hejira.

§ 193a. A hundred, one hundred; a thousand, one thousand are in Turkish simply jy * dL ym^ Uû.

90 n u^j^ Lesson 11. K»

It is not common in Turkish to say twelve hundred, twenty five hundred, but simply hiu iJci yûz^ iki biiî heshyûz.

§ 193b. For the sum of 100,000 piastres in finan- cial circles the word yûJz iL load, burden is used, and in the olden times the sum of 500 piastres was

called ^^^^ kese bag, purse.

M

Ûy^ oJİ on yûk one million. «jL k.^^^ hesh kisdpara 2500 piastres.

§ 1.94, The hours of the day and night are ex- pressed as follows (§ 78):

Saat qach d\r? What o'clock it is? — Saat yarîm dir. It is 12.30 o'clock.

Sa'at debrt dur. It is 4 o'clock. — Saat ySdi botichouq dour. It is 7.30 o'clock.

§ 195. Minutes are reckoned as follows: BisM on var j\j i)j\ <ti Ten noinutes to five.

Ikiyi hisK gichmish fj^-^j^ ^i <4:($i^ ^iv% minutes past two.

§ 196. A person's age is expressed thus:

?6;j-«jJi.l i^ld q^acli yashînda sîfl? How old are you? pi\ 0-Uilj ^3^ qîrq yashîndayîm. I am 40 years old.

§ 197. Numeral Adverbs are formed by joining

M^ ' o} dcf'a, Jeer re to the cardinals; as:

Bir defa once; iki dSf'a twice; uch kh're thrice. DSbrt dif'a hesh yirmi ider four times five makes twenty.

§ 198. The Varîatîve numerals are formed by

adding o-JUJ:>- ' , r^ • u^xJL>. ' jji^jins^ jinsden; chSshid,

cheshid'den.

Bir jinsden of one kind ; iki cheshid'dSn of two kinds ; uch jins, uch jinsdin three sorts.

§ 199. Some thirty, some forty is expressed

by jji; çiadar\ as (§§ 179, 229):

Otouz qadar, qirq qadar. Some fifty persons Etli adim qadar*

§ 200. The w^ord or between two numbers in English is omitted in Turkish.

Iki uch gun some two or three days. Bish on adim qadar. some five or ten men. D^rt hesh ghouroush some four or five piastres.'

square.

\S Numeral Adjectives. 91

§ 201. The Multiplicative numbers are generally formed by the addition of oS qat fold to the cardinals; as:

«l\r tek simple, single. ^J^Ji yuzlirjS hundreds of.

JxJlj yalîüîz only, single. <».^Ci hifiUrjS thousands of.

'-^i^. birijik only (begotten). a^^Ji^Aa viilyonlarja millions of.

viil5 5ii *^* 2^* twice. <i^oj^ d^rt Jc^shS \

cM zj] ûch qat triple. lt'J^ ^\»' cham charsMj

ol^oj^ dSrt qat quadruple. ol5 jjj yiiz qat a hundred fold.

§ 202. The Collective numbers are:

p.cJL*. chift a pair of (boots). ill» taqim a set, lot.

p. Cju^ chifte paired, double. *i\JjT ci-»- double-barrelled gun. tCijj^ douzina a dozen [It.]. f. -u-j^ grosa a gross [It.].

*^"'ur) ^s/i, f^'A; mate; one of the pair. jjj- swm a flock.

§ 203. When using a numeral with a noun, the Turks frequently introduce a second noun between the two, which is quite supei'fluous in European languages, but occasionally employed in English, as 'ten head of cattle, six sail of ships' etc. This noun varies according to the nature of the things defined by the numeral.

For men it is Ji nefer individual; for beasts it is ^\j res head; for bulbs it is J!:l» bash; for ships, gardens, fields, letters, maps it is 4*İ2Î qit'a piece; for cannons, ships and villages, it is ©jl» p(ire, para] for things usually Alb'^Jip danâytane^ aded; as:

^^C-p. yû 5ii iki nifir asker two soldiers; dSbrt r^s hargir

four pack-horses; ûch qit'a mSktoub three letters; altt qit'a tarla six pieces of ground; y^d» bash soghan seven bulbs of onions; on parS kSby ten villages; sSkiz adH tufMg eight guns; hir hah maghaza a magazine (store); hir qtta arzouhal a petition.

The common people uses the word Aib for all these different words; aş: iki dane asger, dedrt dane hargir etc.

92

\ \ ^j^ LesBon 11.

\r

Jcil Words.

iS-yi-j^ doghdou was born. a. \^j^\ ihhamra Alhambra.

oj^ penjM window.

pojlj yazdım I wrote, f. <ijl gazita newspaper.

o A/ fouroun oven.

a. p[f^ hamam bath. Vj^lr tarla field. jjL\ dkhor stable.

p. (ii^^ sir ay castle, palace. a.^^^fr asr century, a. Aj^ dîrhim dram, p. (j^ Ichan inn. p. o\*J^:> diyirman mill. ^_U- chayîr pasture, a. ^k^ sîfîr zero.

YY ^liil Exercise 22.

^ .« •• ••

joî J»l 3ji Oj3 ^jl ö^jjj^ j dbj. I ^b Jll ' ojjjî u-b 3jt > > v^ ojj^^ ûj^jy* oJC-»^uL- > ^ • T ^^1 r . jlj jPjLöö

'^W Aib s ' A^\^ aA^ ^r^ ' Vjt U^ n nta ' U ^ıJi

Yi

M M * M

T,rt.,-\YÂ ' •\AV,i\o

^r* Numeral Adjectives. 93

Yf A^J Tranfilation 23.

1. An oke is 400 drams; a batman is six okes. 2. My father is 70 years old, my mother 62, my brother 40 years old. 3. Take 200 (units) eggs, 500 walnuts, 50 pounds of apples and three batmans of pears. 4. What is the name of that book? — It is the Thou- sand and One Nights. 5. The palace of Alhambra has 999 windows. 6. Here are two sets of cloths. 7. There were two kinds of handkerchiefs, a blue one and a black one. 8. This cloth has three folds. 9. There are 40 loads of money in the bank. 10. I have three dozen pencils. Twelve dozens make a gross. 11. The shoe- maker has three pairs of shoes. 12. How many paras make a piastre?

aI|^ Conyersatioii.

Ob f^y <:i^ ^^ ^. ! oj\ ? jju. j\j h<İ3j:

.JJ^J\ *^^^^. ^:^J^\ J^ ?jJl^<İJlİİ .-JLy

o^ |JU. -u^ ? Ji f'j^^ •'^jiS^ y.

•Ji <î\i 5r^ ÛJİ ?ji <^b ^^ <^jji ^.

•Ji jb (^>.U ^^15 jlT ? Ji jb »^jjU jJii

94 \r u^j^ Lesson 12. \%

^^ u^^ Lesson 12.

:>|jipl *L^I Numeral Adjectives. (Continued,)

2. Fractional numbers. Adadi kisriyS.

§ 204. The Fractional numbers are derived from the Cardinals; the denominator is put in the locative and the numerator in the nominative, and the latter follows the former.

^. ojjj) onda hit one tenth, ^^i\ ©Jlİj heshd4 iki two fifths,

Yuzde iki, 2 ^0 = ^ */• * ' j_^jC^ ©jiC hinde yirmi 20 ^/oo = ^♦*A» ' jlTo^jji 2/u-ede dlti 6 ^/o = "^ *A •

§ 205. Sometimes one of the words p. (^l> jwy,

a. y>-jûz^ a. ^.,a>- A^Vs^, a. ^^ qistm, all meaning 'a po^tion^

is introduced:

Bebrt 'pay da biri, debrt juzde hiri, debrt hissede biri, jA = ' /l •

Yirmi parchada ondurdu, ^^/20 = /l*« *.

§ 206. Other fractional numbers are as follows:

(İJİJ ' £jIj ' ^JJ»'Ji * a. »-jj^* ' p. J 2/^n, yarim, bouchotiq, nisif, nim a. AjJ * -J turn whole (number), p. il j;^ chiyrik a quarter.

a. «jj row6, ouroub one fourth.

OUILL* Mtita-la-at Remarks.

§ 207. There are three Turkish, one Arabic and one Persian word used for half (§ 75). Yarîm is used before a noun, like an adjective: yarim saat, yarim elma. JBouchoiiq is always used in conjunction, with a cardinal number: iJci houchouq gun. . Yari, nî^f are used like a noun: elmanhi yansı, kitabîn tâsfİ the

^0 Numeral Adjectives. 9Ş

half of the apple, the half of the book. The use of nim is very rare in Osmanli-Turkish : nim resmi half official (sources, papers).

§ 208. The Persian fractional number dXjW char yek

a quarter, commonly spelt fjji>. cheyrek is used for

a quarter of an hour or of a mejidiye: f. OjStfttt^

is used also for a quarter of a mejidiye: a. «jj rouh,

our'oub is used to express one fourth of an arşhîn (yard) and sometimes of a piastre.

^a'at bird cMyrik var. It is a quarter to one.

5ir arshin ûch ouroub. One and three quarter yards.

Elmantn oqqasi debrtdin roub eksiyi dir \

ji <<İ5^ ^j ojSj^ ^4İj\ »il; 111

Üch mejidiye qarti. Three quarters of a m^jidiy^^'

Besh mejidiyd ch4yfiyû Five quarters of a m^jidiy^.

3, Ordinal numbers. Adadi vasfl/ye.

§ 209. These are formed from the cardinals by

adding the termination i- -inji^ -înjî, -ounjou^ -ûnjû. The first has, however, an irregular form also, which

is dlljl ilk^ which is corrupted from ■^^j\ ev^eîki'ûr^t^

One o^e of applesis worth 3^/4 piastres.

Ist

0?=^^. &*>*n;t-

^*^ o?hJ^ sikizinji

2nd

^y^:^Ji ikinji.

9*1» fj^jjiL^ doqouzounjou.

3rd

i^^j\ ûchûnjû.

10*1» (^î^\ onounjoû.

4th

j^acJiji d^rdûnjâ.

20*1» ^Ş6^^ yirminji.

5tb

j^şcIİj beshinji.

100*1» (j^jji yûzûnjû.

6tii

^J^'\ alttnjî.

1000*1» ^j^^^ bininji.

7th

j»t.j*Jüi yidinji.

the last ilj*d soft. •

ingiliz Çîraît yidinji Edward, Edward VII, king of England.

OUllL* Muta-la-at Remarks.

§ 210. In compound numbers, only the last unit assumes the ordinal form; all the others remain cardinals, as:

t^T jjj\ J^ jyj^ iJL Bin doqouz yüz on aliinji 1916*1^ .

96 ir ltJ^ Lesson 12. M

§ 211. The date is expressed as follows:

Bou gûn ayifi gachinjî gûnû dur? Bou gûn ayifi qacHdir? Ayîn qacM' dir? What day of the month it is to-day?

Bou gun ayîn silcizi dir. To-day is the 8*^1 of the month. Mayisifi yirmi dibrdünjû gûnû dur. It is the 24*1^ of May.

§ 212. Dîstinctîves. There is no special form for the distinctive adverbs, the ordinals are used directly without any alteration:

Firstly Birinji; Secondly Ikirtji; Tenthly Onoufijou.

4. Distributive numerals. Adadi tSvufiyiyS.

§ 213. Distributive numerals are formed by the

addition of j.^- -^r, -ar to the cardinal numbers ending in consonant, and JL— -sher, -shar to those ending in ^ ye.

J J. hirSr one each ; j^. j^. hirer hirir one by one.

JL^\ ikiahSr two each ; JL^i JL^i ikisMr' ihiahir two by two.

j»-S\ ûchir three each; ^»-^l ^»-^\ ucher' uchSr three by three.

j^j^ debrdir four each; j^j^ j^j^ dibrdSr d6brd4r four by fonit

^;^\ dlt\8tw,r six each \J^ \ JtJ^ \ cdtishar' dltishar six at a time.

jj^ yûzSr 100 each. ^^ hiner' a thousand each.

§ 214. When there are hundreds or thousands in the number, the ar or shar comes after the numeral expressing the number of hundreds, or thousands, and nothing is put after yujs or bin.

^^\jy^ yuz H'lishSr hin 150000 each. jjj^iiCl tkishdr yuz 200 each. ^ ^^j\ ucher hifi 3000 each.

§ 215. The Ottoman -Turkish Calendar. There are three principal calendars or reckonings of time in Turkey. The Christians usually observe the Christian

calendar, which is called either ^"^^ 7:0 jt tarikhi rnedad

the date of the Birth (of Christ) [medad meaning birth- day, Christmas -day], or Kristosotm tarikhi the date of Christ. In this are used the Latin months: January, February etc. (Uounvar^ Pedîrvar).

Numeral Adjectives.

97

z

B

0

0

8D

s

CD

a

08

a

u 08

S

a o

CQ

o

s

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Turkish Conv.-Grammar.

98 sr u^j> Lesson 12. %A

§ 216. Among the Ottoman Turks there are two calendars, the Sacred and the Civil. The lunar year is adopted for the sacred and the solar for the civil. The Sacred year is dated from the Hejira or Flight, the first year of which Era began with the new moon of the 15*^ of July A. D. 622. The lunar year is 10 days shorter than the solar year, it is used in religious chronology and religious Law (sher'i). The months are reckoned differently from ours; they run thus: Mû- har'rem, Seför etc.; and sherif 'sacred' is always added to their names; as: Shabanî sh^rif.

§ 217. The other is the Civil or the Financial calendar: the first day of which coincides with the first day of March 0. S., and is now two years behind the Sacred. It is commonly used in all matters except those pertaining to religion. The months are: March, Nisan etc. — , the old Arabic and Syrian calendar, with slight changes. The year 1902 corresponds to the year 1320 of the Hejira and 1318 of the Financial or Civil year.

§ 218. The common people have a different reckoning of the months, running thus: Zamharir etc. (See the Table.)

§ 219. There is another popular division of the year into two parts: the summer and the winter divisions:

^i; Qasim, St. Demetrius' Day, the 26*^ Oct. O, S., is popularly reckoned as the beginning of the winter season^

this has 180 days. ^\^\ jh>- hhîdîr-eVlez^ St. George's

Day, the 23'^ April O. S., is celebrated as the beginning of the summer season, which lasts for 185 or 186 days.

§ 220. The New Style calendar is called in Turkish cUafranqa and the Old Style roumi (Greek).

§ 221. The Ottoman Turks commence their reckoning of time from sunset. This is with them the twelfth hour, an hour later it is one o'clock, and so on till the twelfth hour in the morning (6 a. m.), when they begin again. This is called alatourqa (Turkish), to distinguish it from European time, which is called alafranqa (French, European).

»4 ^^ Numeral Adjectives. 99

JCiJ Words.

a. jtjjLr tarikh date. a. (iJLjJold^ vSfat Mi died.

a. (5jL-« muaatn equal. tiJûl \ alîndî was taken.

b\ ' <i>\ ada island. ojl^ ^ «^ qara land,

a. eJ^l,âL« mi<^^sa(7l/' corresponding, p. ^JLi,Wı bakh'shish present.

Yi ^cJliS Exercise 24.

dLoU Aİil^VT ^^-UL- ji: M or fJ:>>U ^5^ Jj-; t--» > ^4:u- J^Aov dl;^ p.^t ji . c5-^T ^f J^"^^

oJûjı,<9 o3 ûı "" ? j^Cw ^^^p-5 ^ *-^^£<îHX ö*'^^^ f->^U ^^t^î:r * ? j3 jjSa; ^jj) uVjl ©3- ? <l ^>-jj» j^ Ö j- '^ • <i j^^j'

• jjİ^UlU oâji (^^-X *-^-^' Oj^lf^ ^^^ y ^^j^ û^-i^j ^

Yo A;7*Jr Translation 25.

1. April is the fourth month of the year, October the tenth and December the twelfth. 2. He is in his sixtieth year; and my father is in his 68*^ year. 3. Give them each 10 piastres. Give those children a present of five piastres each. 4. A para is one fortieth of the piastre. A month is one twelfth of the year. 5. Come six by six. In the middle of the year. 6. Six per cent,

7*

100

»r u^j^ Lesson 13.

!♦ -•

50 per thousand. 7. We are in the third year of the twentieth century. 8. Is AH a good man? — No, Sir/ he is in prison four fifths of the time. 9. At twelve o'clock, or a quarter to twelve, I shall be here (I am). 10. 4Leon VI., the glast sking of iCilicia, died at Paris in 1393, Nov. 19*^, in the 60*^ year of his age.

Axj^ Conyersatioıı.

•j\j cr*»;^ J-^ ltjS^ u^*-ri cr^^ ^

^^ u^^ Lesson 13.

wJi^j oUj^ Degrees of Comparison.

§ 222. In Turkish, as in English, there are three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative.

§ 223. The Comparative degree is generally ex- pressed by putting the word with which the comparison is made in the ablative case, and leaving the adjective

unaltered. The word U3 daha 'more' is sometimes

put before the adjective, for the sake of emphasis, or to prevent ambiguity; as:

)*) Degrees of Comparison. 101

fji^ CjSL^ O*. ^^^ senden bebyâg'ûm (boyuyum) 1 j ^^^ older

Bou gun hava dûfikindin sovouq dour, Bou gun hava dûnkindin iciha sovouq dour. To-day the weather is colder than yesterday.

§ 224. The Superlative degree is in general ex- pressed by the word fjlm, prefixed to the adjective; as: (.11» «^-LT^i ^\ ^fi' yiiks^k dagh the highest mountain. IjA {jy-j*^ ^^ ^^ sovouq hava the coldest weather.

§ 225. The word en is sometimes omitted:

^Lî ii^t«^\ adanilartfl qabast' the rudest of men.

jjdj Sjiji ^^^jf^ HayvanlarXfi hSbyûyû fiVdir. The largest of [all]

the animals is the elephant. Elmalariü iyisini' sich Choose the best of the apples.

§ 226. The words dl pek very, a. o3l»3 ^iyoâe,

(jjul ashîrî ^exceedingly' are used to signify an ex- cess of any quality above what is requisite, as it is done in English by prefixing the adverbs 'too' or Very' to adjectives ; as :

jjujc-jji vi\j pSk' yorghoundour he is very tired. jjJl^ oil 3 ziyadi' hdhalîdîr it is too expensive. jjJ^ (S^\ a'shiri sovouqdour it is too cold.

§ 227. Other superlatives are formed in a way l^culiar to Turkish, by prefixing to certain adjectives a syllable somewhat similar in sound, commencing with the same vowel and consonant, or the same vowel, and

^'ndİDg with cj ' A* ^; as:

Jo^^ pi bM bSyaz very white, exceedingly white.

up' achxq very open. qap qara quit« black,

yam' yassı very flat. sip' sivri very sharp.

Wp'«a^fe|am very healthy, sound, sim' siyah very black.

^^ tamam very complete. dop dolou quite full. [right.

h^yvk very big, great. das' doghrou quite straight, quite

Ollâ>-^U Mülahazat Observations. § 228. Spoken Turkish has the singular usage

102 \r u^j^ Lesson 13. ♦•r

of repeating nouus, adjectives and verbs, substituting in the repetition an m for the first letter of the word, if it begins with a consonant, and prefixing an m if it begins with a vowel, for the purpose of generalizing the idea contained in the word so repeated [compare the English shilly-shally, the French pele-m^le, etc.]; as:

Kitab mitdb bouVmadim. I sought for books or anything of the kind, but found nothing.

Dûk'kîan mûkian iv miv bir shiy qaVmadt. Not a shop or anything like one remained.

Etiflizifi qpuyousou mouyousou yoq'mou? Has your house a well, a cistern, a fountain? etc.

Ekmeyi gStir^ qourou mourou nd'oloursa olsoun, firing the bread, no matter if it be somewhat dry or crumbled.

SacM machî yoqdour. He has not a hair nor anything like one.

Further: Oufaq Ufiq. Little trifling matters.

Eyri bûyrû. Zigzag, serpentine.

§ 229. Certain idiomatic English phrases used in expressing comparison are expressed in the following way (§ 179). _ ,

as ... as ... is expressed by jji qadar, which is not repeated

as in English, as much as — J^ ^-^ — — qadar choq

as little as — ilj^-j^^jji ~ — qadar kûchûk

as few as — j \ jji — — qadar az

as far as — j\ jj\ j-j3 — — qadar ouzaq

as near as — i>3İj jji — — qadar yaqin

as long as — ÖJJJ\ J-^ — — qadar ouzoun

as short as — a^ jji — — qadar qis'sa

Shikirim qadar qdh'vem var. I have as much coffee as sugar. SMkir bal qadar tatU dîr. Sugar is as sweet as honey. 01 qadtnin qizlari qadar [choq] oghlanlart var dir. That lady has as many boys as girls.

Atimiz bou at qadar iyi deyil dir. Our horse is not good as this. IngilUrra qadar ouzaq bir mahaU gitdi. He went to a place as far as England.

Gunlir shimdi qishdaki qadar qts'sa dir. The days are now as short as in the winter.

EshSk qadar iri idi. It was as big as an ass.

01 vaz BSbyuk Ferhiz qadar ouzoun oudou. That sermon was as long as Lent.

»•r Degrees of Comparison. • 103

JliJ Words.

a. ^}^\>^ sadiq loyal, true. a. oXld fay'di use, advantage.

^\ aghir heavy. <0^ sirkS vinegar.

a. yJU». hafif light (in weight), a. >U\ ala best, excellent.

a. oJ^ maden metal. J^f^ fe^y/^'î gay.

f. 0^>L.; platin platinum. a. J-lS "kiamil sober, grave.

a. ilia zalim cruel. a.t. Jt'Is qpuv'vHli strong.

« ^ ^ [risonwith.

a. ©jld /ar^ mouse. lS^"*^^^! ^0'(L^^cl<1 looking, in compa-

oj^jy qourshoun lead. a. oJl ilhit'ti of course.

û\>S^ Tchkin sharp. (i^ ftoy stature.

Proper Names oJJ^ Haroon Aaron. (i^'U Hanri Henry. {Sjy Noori Luke, Lucas. AOy Nooriyi Lucy.

Y*\ Jul Exercise 26.

— ? j-J^-^^^JLll iJl o^;^ o »j^ tiJLİl c?il^ Js^jl fijtj» ii*

104 • \r u^j^ Lesson 13. M"*^

YV A;^j Translation 27.

1. Mr. Luke is taller than I am, but he is not the best in the class. 2. To-day is hotter than yesterday. 3. Iron is heavier than stone. Gold is more precious than silver, but iron is the most useful metal in the world. 4. Which is lighter: a pound of wool or a pound of lead? — Of course a pound of wool is as light as a pound of lead. 5. Your knife is as sharp as mine: but it is not as long as mine. 6. This young gentleman is much gayer than his friend. 7. The last week has been the worst of the year; it was very cold. 8. What kind of a man is Mr. Joseph? — He is a very good and useful man. 9. That mountain is higher than the other mountains of the country. 10. Henrj^ is rich, Hassan is richer, and Ali is the richest of all.

a1|^ Conyersation.

• j-^ji (^ ^. *w>^ *->^ *-*^ ^ c^ ->b »j\ »J^

. (.jJT JLi dU; jUjl ^>^ ? iJjJÎ <: 0-4İJV

♦ • Noun with Prepositions. 105

^ ^ U'^'^ Lesson 14.

If

^\ ^\j>- J^j>- Noun with Prepositions.

§ 230. In the Turkish language there are no repositions, properly so called, but their place is ipplied by words or syllables, called post- positions, aced after the words which they govern.

§ 231. Post-positioDs, as well as prepositions, are irticles which serve to show the relation which exists 3tween two words. These relations being of dififerent luds, the post-positions indicating them are used with liferent cases, namely the Genitive, Dative or Ablative, id also with the uninflected form of the noun.

§ 232. 1. Post-positions appended to the un- iflected form or stem.

<' • -f?, -a to. (Sign of Dative case.) (§ 82.) <M'<) 'He, -IS with, by. (Sign of Instrumental case.) (§ 82.) oyş*\ îchîn, ichoun for, in order to, for the sake of. f '^^ gibi like, so that.

(i -i, 4. (Sign of Ace. case.) (§ 83.) 0^ 'di in, on. (Sign of Locative case.) (§ 84.) o^ 'den from. (Sign of Ablative case.) (§ 85.) »J^^ zarftnda during, in the space of.

§ 233. But when the object, which the post-positions )vern is a Pronoun (personal or demonstrative), it

ust be in the genitive case, except jGjI onlar.

^ll« MisalVr Examples.

^\ J^ binini ichin for me. oy^,\ ^J\ onlar ichin for them,

M »jL para iU with money. J^ ^t\L^ sinilc gibi like a fly.

1 Jj- or <8j*- sizin' le yi\i\\ you. «jjy qouvvStdd in the strength.

106 |«L ltJ^ Lesson 14. 1*^

§ 234. 3. Post-positions witli the Dative case»

i)^ dek \ ^j^^jj ^jji j^g ^^j^ do^/irou towards, straight

üf^ dSyin] ^^^ ^^' a.^*l^ dayir concerning.

jSh qadar until, as much as. CmSL yaqin near. ^ijld qarsM against. »j^ gebri according to, after.

jl!ll« MisaVUr Examples.

j-x»^ * i>5^w- ' i)j<l^lz-l Istamhola dSkJstamhola diyin/ qadar

up to Constantinople, as far as Const. oj^<.Jls> aqlima' gebre according to my judgement.

Bizi qarsM against us. Shihri' doghrou towards the city. „Sindin ouzaq AVldha yaqtn" far from you, near to God. Kitaba' dayir concerning the book.

§ 235. 3. Post-positions witli the Ablative case.

^}\jJ\ ouzaq far. (İjLİj^ ' tijLÜ» dîshari out of.

a. İA&U mada \ Jj\ Svvil before.

J except,beside8. <kt\i hashqa \ ^S^-^ sofira after.

JJyj\ eotûrû \ regarding, ^^i ' •^^' biroUy biri since.

JV> dolayî j ^^^"*- <-.i\ i-sd instead of, rather

^ " than.

<ij\ eote on the other side of, beyond.

jlItU MisaVUr Examples.

ShShirden ouzaq far from the city.

Irmaqdan ibti beyond the river. Sizdin' ma day onlardan bashqa except you, them. Yirmi bisK sinidin birou for the last 25 years (25 years ago). Bou ishdin dolayi, -'ibtûrû concerning this business. Bindin io'vel before me. Bindin soûra after me. Gilmisindin i-si gil'mimesi eyi dir his not coming is better than his coming.

§ 236. 4. Declinable Post-positions requiring the Genitive.

»jjji uzri on, upon. (ijlio * (ijULl» dîsharî out of.

cJ i alt under. (5jo&ii tS yf:^\ ichiri inside.

ojl arqa behind. ^\ ich in

jljl ibn before. o^ 3/<*** ^7» near.

m us, m you, m them.

WY Noun with Prepositions. 107

^jjj\ ' <^jjl ' <^jjj\ üzerimi, ûzeriüe, üzerini 1 on nie, . . J thee, him

•^jjjl * •-öj3j1 ' •J^jjji üzerimde y ûziriHdi, üzerindi] or it.

O Jlçj\ * »^^^^^^1 * •J*t?d^ ichimize, ichifkizi^ ^ ichlerini

•jLi;^! * •.ijX^l ' »^J^-fsyl içkimizde, ichiüizdeA among us, you,

teklerinde ) them.

•Ju-iL yanîmdaatt by my side. **^^ yantma to my side.

§ 237. These eight post-positions, when in the locative case, indicate a state of location or rest, and

answer to the question ©3©^ nerede? where? They require the dative after the question whither? or where

to? 430 j- nereye? with a verb denoting direction or motion from one place to another.

Examples with the Locative [rest].

1 j^ »J^jjji ^\yi^ wibS^ Kitdb sofranXfi ûzSrindS dir.

The book is on the table. 2. ji »J^i *-^^A^ o-JJ^^ *-^y Qoushoun yavrousou youvanifi

ichind^ dir. The birdling is

in the nest. JlA-^^jl oJlL-jjLİjİ il^i SMh'riü dtshartstnda otourdou-

lar. They dwelt [on] [the] out- ^ ^ side [of] the city.

*• (İa;>\5U oJJ^jl VİJU.U.İ öj=f-^ Chojouq aghajtn ardinda sag-

landL The boy hid himself

hehind the tree. ^' r^^j^ oXSj\ iljjü Pidirîfi ^fiûndâ dourdnum.

I stood in front of my father. ^- jj oJ^ii ^^^Jtr^^i BaZi5 ^^Zwn ichindi dir. The

fish is in the lake.

Examples with the Dative [motion].

^' rJ^"T<^jjjl ^\yi^ S^ Kitabî sofranın ûzMnS atdîm.

' " 'I threw the book on the table.

2 {SJjyAL9pj\^]\jjt^^jjj\jjJ'yQou8h yavrousounou youvanîü

ichinû qodou. The bird put its young into the nest. Jitjl^ <:^jlio i)^ Shih'rin disharisina cMqdilar.

They went [to the] out[side] of ^ ^ the city.

^' (5 J». 15 OijT dJia-lfrl Jj>-^^ Chojouq aghajlfi ardına qachdi.

The boy ran behind the tree. ^- fJû5^(i^&jj <l5j\ iljjü Fid4rifi ^fiun^ doghrou gitdim.

* I went towards the father.

3.

108 I «t u-J^ Lesson 14. 9«X

6. iSAS\ ^C^Ji d^y^ jJl Baliq geblûn îchini atUdû The fish

jumped into the lake.

Motion, where to? whither? niriye? * «^^ ' <I^L-1 * <j»;l5 Location, where? nMd4? ' ©ji-l * *^<3ec.L * »jülı^^* »^J^^

Y A Jli5 Exercise 28.

^ 1

= *l.l , ilT . ili ilT ' Ai,l jlT. aUI = Al Al . 4.1 JlT

^9öl dJjiUjjl • öJGUjjI * öjO-st)! vtUUijl 1 • Aİ)3^ = ^'

oX^aSjT siic^liT^ • cy^y^ = ûj«l (J^tS^- ojw»! < tS^ ^^j3jİ j^i ^1 V . 3l> ^t^c5J3^- Jl • JİJ »^ oyf\ d}>f

1 ^ ' ^ ^ '^ y

r^ 4U-Jr Translaüon 29.

1. Towards the mountains: on the mountains; by the mountains (rest), by the mountains (motion). 2. From the door: by the door; with the door; for the door. 3. Forme, for him; Uke you, like them; with me, with him. 4. As far as Sivas; as far as London; until

^ If oyfA *" *^\ are added to nouns to which the pronominal

affixes of the 3rd person Sing, and PI. are attached, the kS\ is omitted, but the sound i is retained.

U^ The Substantive Verb. 109

today. 5. There is nobody except us. 6. What have you in your purse? — There is nothing in my purse except ten paras. 7. After to-morrow come at half past eleven. 8. He went t^n days earlier than my father. 9. There is a thief among you. 10. Come among us (motion).

aI|^ Conrersation.

O^ jT i»Li is\ <^i ill ?j.v ><jU J\ k^ il^

. j-^j- ^, ! p^ C.Jİ ? jx^ J^ jJl .^U^,\

^^ u^i> Lesson 15.

The Substantive Verb. (Continued.)

§ 238. We have already treated of the Present and Past (Preterite) tenses of the substantive verb. (§§ 65, 73.) The Perfect and Conditional tenses of the verb remain to be spoken of.

The Conditional. p— j\ = ^<— j\ isSm slA^i = Ja— li isSk

vlL»i\ = i)<«ji isSn ;^~jİ = ;5<-j1 isMiz

<^\ = <^\ isS L^\ = )a^\ isilir.

If (or though or perhaps) I am, if thou art, if he is — . etc.

The Negative Conditional.

p-^K^ = ^<^\ J^ dSyilsim »lJL.1^ = Ûa^\ J^ diyils^k

*1A-JS^ = il<— J i J$^ diyilzin j5w|^ = jTaL-j \ J^ diyilsMz

110 to ^j^j^ Lesson 15. If •

<J^ = 4^1 J$^ diyiUi JUS^ = J<^j1 J$^ diyüsilir. If I am not, if thou art not, if he is not — , etc.

Perfect (Bubitative),

pJUl imishim Jvit\ imishiz \

^^^ y ' (They say that)

6^--İRİ imish-slü 'S...^\ imish-sifiiz \ I was or I have been,

^1 imish JLitl imishUr ]

This tense, which is also called in Turkish Dubi- tative, denotes mere hearsay or report, founded on the

authority of others (§ 312). The Negative is Jix\ J^ deyil imishim (They say that) I have not been.

OUlta^ Remarks.

§ 239. a. When ©3 ^de is added to the Conditional

tense of the substantive verb, it expresses the meaning of "but" or "yet":

1 M w M m ^^ «k ^X «i

isdm dS, isâfi de, isi di; isik ddj isifiiz di, isiUr di If (or though) I am — , yet — ; thou art — , yet — ; he is — , yet — .

§ 240. b. By the addition of the 3'^ person sing., to the Past tense (§ 73), the Past Conditional is obtained:

idimisedij idiüsidi, idiysidi; idikisidi, idifiizisi di, idiUrisidi Though I was — , yet — ; thou wast — , yet — ; he was — , yet — .

Ji\l^ Examples.

Fidiriü ivdi' isi, gilsifi. If your father is at home, let

him come. Pedirim ivdi' isidi gilimiz. My father is at home, but he

cannot come. Biradiriü ni'ridi imish? Where is your brother?

Evdi' imish. (I heard that, they say that) he

is at home. Chojouqlar hasta'mî imishlir. Were the children ill? (Did you

hear anything?) Ev'vity hasta dîrlar. Yes, they are ill (I know).

Qonshoumouz zingin isi di, iyi Our neighbour is rich, but they bir adem diyiV imish. say that he is not a good man.

Bin ginj'im, sin isi ikhiiyar sXfi. I am young, but thou art old.

I

>

08

m The Sabstantive Verb. Ill

The Conditional and Dubitative tenses of the verb To Have.

§ 241. The Conditional and Dubitative tenses of

the verb To Have are obtained by the addition of ^u^l ise and Icl imish to jlj var.

§ 242. The Conditional of To Have [v^ith an indefinite object] ^

<-j1 j\j oJûj k^\ j\j ;ij hend^ var îsa hinim var %sa

*^\ j\j «Jû- <^\ j\j *;Ul- sindi var %sa siniü var isa

<^\ j\j oJjj\ <*«il j\j ^j\ onda var îsa onoun var îsa

'^\ j\^ »i Jî <^i\ j\j /» Jı bizdi var îsa bizim var îsa

^l j\j »^ij- <^\ j\j ilj- sizdi var îsa sizin var îsa

^Jjlj oji^îjl <^ijb4A^^ onlarda var îsa onlarîüvarîsa

The Negative.

<«J.jj ojû* ^^*^jt fi bindi yoghousa binim yoghousa

*^jl «Jû- A.^ji vl\l- s^nd^ yoghousa siniü yoghousa

^jj ojjji *^-^ji »^jl oncîa yoghousa onoufi yoghousa

-cjj »^J*. ^~:^jı r Jı ^î'S^^î^ yoghousa bizim yoghousa

ji •■^J— ^^*^Jt ■^J'** st^^t?^ yoghousa siziü yoghousa

i-jj «Ji^jl '"'^Jl ^J^*J\ onlarda yoghousa onlarîfi yoghousa

I— I

§ 243. ^o^e. a. The abridged form of -u^» I Jj) t/og' ise is A-^j) yoghousa which is much used.

b. 4,^1 Jj) yo^ İ5e, ^^^y yoghousa or ^^^j) yokhsa,

when used without object or subject, is considered as a conjunction : meaning or, otherwise; as:

?jju. •jLxibjls <..^ ' ^^ oX,^ K^\:S^ Kitab sindi' mi, yokhsa prdashifida' mîdir? Who has the book, you or your brother?

§ 244. The Conditional with a definite object.

^di İ8İ, sindi İHİ, onda isi; bizde ise, sizde ise, onlarda ise If I have the — , if thou hast the — , etc.

1 Vide §§ 119, 122, 127.

I

e8

>

112 to c^j^ Lesson 15. Hl^

^eniwi ise, senin ise, onouü isi; hizhn ise, sizifi ise, onlar^H ise If the (book) ie mine, thine, his, etc.

The Negative.

hend^ deyilsi, fiinde —, onda—; bizde deyilse, sizdi — , onlarda — <JC^ jo * <-J^ *iL«. — benim diyilsi, sinifi deyilse, etc.

If I have not the — , etc. If the — is not mine, etc.

§ 245. Eemark. When ©^ -de is added to the

conditional of the verb To Have, it expresses the sense of but.

*i A*.ji\ j\j »Jûj bende var ise de, 1 have a — , but —

oİ<-^jjöJlj bende yoghousada, I have not a — , but —

0^ <-ai ^ll*- senifl ise c?e, It is yours, but —

3 J <J^ *iAl- seniü dey ilse de. It is not yours, but —

oj A^\ ojJj\ onda ise de, He has the — , but —

oj <J^ oJâj\ onda deyilsede, He has not the — , but — .

§ 246. The Dubitative tense of To Hate [with

a definite object].

bende imish, sende — , onda — ; bizde imish, sizde — , onlarda — .

benim imish, seniü — , onoun — ; bizim imish, sizifi —^ Ofdarîü — . I have the — , tlıou hast the — ; (Tlıat) was mine, thine, his — .

§ 247. The Dubitative tense of To Hate [with

an indefinite object].

jjit\ j\j oJlü * ^\ j\j öAU- * ^i jlj a JÛJİ binde var imish etc.

J^\ Jh fi ' crM j\j '^^ ' ^J^\ j\j <^j\ benim var imish etc. (They say that) 1 have a — ; thou hast a — , etc.

jUll* Examples.

Seniû paraü varîsa. If thou hast money.

Ineyifiiz varîsa. If you have a cow.

Paraü varîsa, bafla bish yhow If you have money, give me five

roitsh ver. piasters.

Param varîsa da vermem. I have money, but I will not give.

y )r The Substantive Verb. 113

J^mSyiaiz yoghousa aUfi. If you have not bread, take some.

^itdblar% yoghousada — They have not books, but —

Qalhn h4ndi is^di vSrmem, I have the pen, but I will not g^ve it.

AH varidi isi — If he had a horse —

FjfihSyi yogh'oudou isidi — Though he had not a donkey, yet — .

JCiJ Words.

j*--C'jj Jtj\j varimiz' yoghoumouz' aJl that we have.

^ll\ almam I do not take. a. o^ lisan language.

CAİLS^kSskin sharp (knife). ji az less.

^l ^\ agMr bashli sedate (man), a. ^^bfctami/ sober, wise.

Proper Names: 0>^j' Arslan Leon. a. ^j^\^ Sad\q Justin, Justus, a. <ijy Nooriyi hucy.

f • ^e^ Exercise 80.

iJ^ iJJLjIj-^ v3»^<»^ u^^jl ^ • -'•^-t j^»*->^ ji ö^l»3 ' >^3j' Jb b3 ^ • «j3 s::. --j3 ^^^^3 dL^3 j j3 ^jJ^:> iS^^^ öz^^

• J3 ö3J: JUS • ©3 ^U*»JHfS 0^3; Jl» tS^ — ? J-JL^ o^J- Turkish Conv.-Grammar. 8

114 \^,u^j^ J-»esBon 16. II<m

t\ AJt'j Translation 31.

1. The apples are sweet; the pears are sweeter ;„ the grapes are the sweetest. 2. Your maid servaiit is diligent, but [I heard that] my neighbour (woman) is more diligent than she. 3. Though Mr. Justus is a rich man, yet [they say that] he has not a good name. 4. Miss Lucy is the handsomest girl in town, but she is sick. 5, The strength of the strongest man is far less than that of an elephant. 6. I am as tall as you, but my brother Leon is not so tall as you. 7. Is your fruit as fresh as ours? — Yes, Sir, it is as good as yours, but it is too little [in quantity]. 8. Your knife is as lafge as mine, but it is not as sharp as mine.

aI |5^ Conyersation.

j^jj. ^j\ j^^, Jtjb *0-^J> j^ J^y^ J^jlj

• cr^l ft^A^tpl ^u--^^ •^•S {S'^\ JA»

. j^ öJ^^ <--K^ öjjl ?j-4* »^jl pî^ »JJ^j

^"^ u^^ Lesson 16.

jJUâ^ The Infinitive of Verbs.

§ 248. The Infinitive (or the Masdar) is the basis of the Turkish verb^ It ends either in j^ -maq or <tJu

* Til e Turkish verb is the moRt highly organised part of the language, being most minutely subdivided, most extensively

f to The Infinitive Verbs. 115

-Tnek: -maq is peculiar to roots with hard and -mek to roots with soft vowels. When we remove the ending niaq or nieh we get the stem or thie root of the verb, which is also the 2^^ person Sing, of the Imperative; as:

jll almaq to take: Ji aZ' take thou.

viJU^^j v^fhnek'.io give: ^j vir give thou.

§ 249. The Negative form of the verb is obtained

by adding aa ' ^ -m^- to the root when it has a soft

' ' ' . '

vowel and U -ma- when it has a hard vowel; as:

^11 1 afmamaq not to take: -dl or Ul alma do not take. ^<A^j or dl^^j vir'mhfiilc not to give: <*^j vSr'mido not give.

Different kinds of verbs.

§ 250. There are six kinds of verbs in Turkish: Tmn si tive, Intransitive, Causal, Passive, Reciprocal and Reflexiver

§ 251. I. Transitive (or Active) verba indicate such an action as cannot be completed without something else becoming directly affected thereby. They always require a direct object taking the nominatival form of the noun, if Ihe object is indefinite and the full accusative form if the object is definite (§§ 83 note, 291).

vlA^jjyl ^ SOU ichmSlc to drink sonie water (indefinite).

vIJLj^I «i j^ souyou ichmilc to drink the water (definite).

viU<i«ji jj*jlj yazmaq istimik to wish to write (indefinite).

. § 252. II. An Intransitive (or Neuter) verb indicates siii^n an action of the agent as. is complete in itself without directly affecting anything else. -When an action is implied, an Intransitive verb requires an indirect object in the dative case, if motion is impUed: if rest is denoted, it requires its indirect object to be in the locative (§ 237); as:

developed, and at the same time most simple and regular in its formation and in the modification of the signification of its various bran^'hes. It is a perfectly symmetrical system, through all the ramifications of which the eye or mind can run with ease.

8*

116 M ^j^j^ Lesson 16. %y

oj\ ^'Vd gitmSk to go home (motion). ^yJJ^J\ o^j\ iodi otourmaq to sit in the house (rest). ^>lî.L <İAJ\t^ yazmagha hashlamctq to begin to write (motion).

§ 253. in. Causal or Causative verbs. This form of the verb is not much used in English, but it is very common in Turkish. It implies an order or command from the speaker to a second or third person. The action is performed not by the agent or speaker but by the person to whom the order is given. These verbs are translated into English by adding to cause, to make, to have, to get, to allow and to let, to the simple verb according to the sense ^; as:

pJo.»j^juli j\ ^. «u^ÂİlS Qalfayahir ev yapdirajaghim. IshaW

' cause the architect to build a house.

pi»-o^_.>jlj A^Ujl ^y^ MdhtoubouOhannisiyazdtrajaghîm.

[ ^ I shall get John, to write the letter.

^^-H^ öjJ-J^y •^"^ ^. ^^J^ Artini hir chift qoundoura yapdîrdî.

Hegot Pascal to makea pairof shoes. 01 tasvirli kitabî chojouqlara bou gun oqoudctjaghtm, I shall allow the boys to read that book full of pictures to-day.

Binim ichin bir setri yapdîrabilirmisifl? — Yatin bîr danesini getirdS bilirim. Can you get (or have) a coat made for me? — I shall have one brought to-morrow.

§ 254. IV. Passive verbs. The English and Turkish languages have this peculiarity, that they can form passive verbs from Intransitive, as well as from Transitive verbs; as:

J4JI1 baqmaq to look at(intran8.': J-U^l; baqihnaq to be looked at. jll almaq to take (trans.): J-^^ altnmaq to be taken.

§ 255. V. Reciprocal verbs express an action performed together with or against each other. They are translated by adding to the infinitive the words one another, each other, together; as:

*iUJL»^^ sevishmSk to love each other.

* The meaning and use of the Causal verb are seeu by comparing the verb raise with the verb rise, of which the former is the Causal, in English. So also we may call to set the c»usal of to sit, the former meaning to cause to sit. Similarly to lay is the causal of to lie, the former (to lay) meaning to cause to lie.

\ İV llie Infinitive Verbs. 117

Jlj^jty qoshou^hsounlar let them run together. JU>.<ijjjj vouroushajaqlar they will beat each other.

§ 256. VI. Reflexive verbs. When the action of a verb returns to the subject from which it proceedes, the verb is called Reflexive. These verbs are translated into English by the reflexive pronouns (§ 145); as:

vULjjTjjl ^rtûnmSk' to rover himself. ^.xljij^ soyoundotdar they andresned themselves. (U»-<iUuj ytyqanajaghim I shall wash myself.

J>l i m^AmÜ Reading Exercise.

The Story of the Cat and the Camel.

: (^ Jj3 A)©j3 J^«^Vj^ S J^-JH* c^^J^"^* c5^

• ^^ ^y.^. ^, *^-^i^ *^*-' ^Ji -^. ' ^^. -«:* ^•^ — «-^^ •

118 1^ ^^J^ Lesson 16. HA

Talimi Qtra'ai,

Kedi ile deve Hikiayesi.

Bir gün Deve sîrtînda^ aghîr bir yûJc ile gederken^ y Kediye rast geldi^. Kedi sîriînî qambourladaraq^ deveyr dedi^:

Kedi — Oughour/ar olsoun^, deve qardashliq^ ! nereye

hSyU? Deve — Al'laha emanet oP! amma ben na'sU senin

qardashin i miskim? sen nerede? ben nerede? Kedi — Ona shûb'he yoqdour^ ! Elbet' te^^ ben senifi

qardashiu im. Baq hele^^! sânifiki qadar iri

ve bSytVi qambouroum^^ yoqmou dour? Deve — Belki ^^! lakin ajeba^^ benimki qadar da qouv-

vetlt mi? Kedi — Vay! ne bosh